10 Transactions of the 



(Cypselus apiis). The moieties are already joined together at the 

 mid-line, and are grooved below by the prae-nasal cartilage (pn. g.) ; 

 each half is three-lined, and these divisions are the upper or nasal, 

 outer or dentary, and lower or palatine pieces (n. px., d. px., p. px.) . 



The second prae-oral arch, or pterygopalatine (Fig. 4, pg. pa.), 

 has, in the young, stout rounded pterygoids (pg.), but little unci- 

 nate, and articulating with the palatines ( pa.) by overlapping them ; 

 most of the overlapping portion is segmented-off, and ankyloses 

 with the palatine. This latter bone {pa.) half embraces the pos- 

 terior nasal canal behind by an upper and lower lamina; it then 

 elbows out, and at the bend has an ear-shaped cartilage, the trans- 

 palatine (t. pa.). Towards the mid-line the two laminae " ethmo- 

 and interpalatine " are pointed forwards, the former, or upper of these 

 spurs ankyloses with the corresponding leg of the vomer (v.). The 

 " prse-palatine " bar is long and sinuous, ending in front close to the 

 maxillary. This latter bone (mx.) is a slender stalk of bone, with 

 an ear-shaped leaf growing out of it at its middle on the inner side. 

 The bony leaf is the " maxillo-palatine " (mx. p.) ; it looks back- 

 wards, helps to join the imperfect nasal floor, and is separated from its 

 fellow by the vomer. The narrow cheek-bone is the jugal (j.) ; it ties 

 the fore- face to the " quadration " (q.) — the large anvil-shaped sus- 

 pensorium of the mandibular arch — the mimetic serial homologue of 

 the Mammalian incus. This bone articulates with the baeh of the apex 

 of the pterygo-palatine arch, just as the " incus " of Man does with 

 the back of the apex of the primary mandible — the head of the 

 " malleus." The rest of Titmouse's mandible (Figs. 5 and 6) show 

 long splints of bone ensheathing a large-headed rod of cartilage, 

 articulo-Meckelian. On the outer side (Fig. 6), the dentary (d), the 

 surangular (s. ag.), and the angular (ag.) are seen, and on the under 

 side (Fig. 5) there is also seen the splenal (sp.). I did not in this 

 case get a sight at this stage of the coronoid, which is, however, 

 constant in the Passerines. 



I hope soon to lay before the Zoological Society figures of the 

 facial structure of the "Paridse" or Tits. Amongst other related 

 forms, one of these (Cychrhis), from Bahia, Brazils, is as large as 

 the Nuthatch (Sitta Europeea), and another sent me by the Consul 

 of Formosa, Mr. Swinhoe, is smaller even than our Blue and Coal 

 Tits (Parus cerulseus and ater). The Formosan species is evi- 

 dently a creature of great energy ; like our own native kinds, it 

 has courage enough to "peck an Estridge." This form (Suthora 

 hulomachus) carries in its specific name its own peculiar excellency 

 of character, for the word, if I mistake not, is translatable into our 

 English term bully. If any of our Fellows have the courage to 

 innoculate themselves with a strong affection for bird-anatomy, the 

 simplest and easiest plan is to prepare the skull of a Titmouse care- 

 fully by maceration, using afterwards the smallest modicum of chlo- 



