191 
Silesia, eight in Lower Austria, six in Gallicia, and two in Styria. Add. 
ing to these figures twenty-six factories in Hungary, and the total be- 
comes two hundred and sixty-two. Of the above seven are exclusively 
refineries, and about two-fifths, or one hundred, are worked upon 
shares. Ten new factories are in process of construction. The number 
of factories in Austria increased in two years eighty-one, or 5 o2 per cent. ; 
in Hungary it remains stationary. 
WooL INDUSTRY IN HUNGARY—KINDS, QUALITIES, PRODUCTION.— 
Pesth is the center of the wool-trade of Hungary, with the exception of 
some western districts which export a portion of their products directly 
to Vienna. Hungarian wools, which are the basis of important trans- 
actions in the Pesth market, are of various sorts. 
1. Merinos, which come mostly from the great basin of the Theiss. 
These merinos are of medium quality, and are divided into two distinet. 
classes ; a, fleeces shorn twice a year, in April and May and in August 
and September; b, fleeces shorn.but once a year, some time in June. 
2. Fleeces known as Cigaja and Zakel. These are produced by two 
other kinds of sheep found in Transylvania, in the Banat, and in Sclavo- 
nia. This wool is long, brilliant, and very harsh; its fibers attain a 
length of thirty centimeters. It is especially used as a combing wool, 
and. for the fabrication of heavy tissues. Its range is entirely independ- 
ent of that of the merinos. ; 
3. Lastly, a fleece intermediate between the two preceding is furnished 
by a cross-bred sheep raised in Transylvania, the Banat, and Sclavonia.. 
Production.—Hungary produces about 20,000,000 kilograms of fleeces. 
The larger portion of the clip is sent to Pesth by traders, and not by 
producers, who are in the habit of selling their products in advance of 
shearing and of receiving a portion of the price at the conclusion of the 
bargain. The fleeces, washed before shearing, arrive at the ‘market. 
packed in sheets of rough canvas. 
Business habits and usages of the Pesth bourse.—Transactions are usually 
for cash, with a discount of 2 per cent. Each contract, however, may 
vary its stipulations according to agreement. The seller promises to 
deliver his wool well washed. If for any cause the washing is imper- 
fect he owes the purchaser an indemnity. The odds ‘and ends are not 
packed with the fleeces, but receive the same price as the rest of the 
wool. 
Frauds against which dealers must protect themselves.—These are prin- 
cipally of two sorts: first, they must ascertain whether the wool has. 
been stored in cellars in order to enhance its weight; second, they must 
see that the staple is not charged with sand from the plains between 
Pesth and Szegedin. This sand is very heavy and very fine, disappear- 
ing only after the most thorough washing. Its presence is not appreci- 
able to an inexperienced eye. 
Channels of exportation—The greater part of the wool marketed at 
Pesth, nearly 12,000,000 kilograms, is purchased by the cloth manufac- 
tures of Brun and Reichenberg. The combing wool mills of Wolsau 
and Pesth and the mills of Bohemia consume about 2 000,000 kilograms.. 
During later years Hungary has been sending to F1 rance from 1,250,000 
to 1,500,000 kilograms of combing wools, and from 500,000 to "750, 000 
kilograms of clothing wools per annum. Germany and England make: 
about equal demands on the Pesth wool-market. Considerable import- 
ations from Australia and La Plata into England, and thence into conti- 
nental Europe, have reduced the market-prices at Pesth, and foreign 
transactions have greatly declined. On the other hand, since the compro- 
