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Improvement in draining.—Drainage is made a specialty in Sweden, 
and it is estimated that the increase in value of land thus improved has 
already added over $100,000,000 to the permanent wealth of the king- 
dom. Any farmer who wishes to drain land can have the services of-a 
skillful engineer, at small expense, by applying through the proper offi- 
cialchannel. The incomplete statistics of 1867 returned for that year 
9,756 acres of overflowed land as drained, and 11,744 acres of other land 
as underdrained. In the same line of improvement, subsoil plows, 
plowing to the depth of 12 or 15 inches, are being introduced, and the 
use of them promises to soon become general. 
Fertilizers.—The use of guano and Chilian saltpeter has almost ceased 
in Sweden; the use of phosphates is increasing—applied mostly to root- 
crops: and rye; seldom to grass. Beside the importation of artificial 
fertilizers in considerable quantities, there are in the country numerous 
establishments for manufacturing them. 
Variety of products.—In the northern provinces, next to grass, bar- 
ley and potatoes are the principal crops; rye, oats, and turnips are raised 
on a smaller scale. Fruit will not ripen. In the central provinces, in 
addition to the above-named products, wheat, peas, vetches, and beets 
are produced, and apples, pears, plums, and cherries ripen. The south- 
ern provinces and islands enlarge the catalogue still further by adding 
to it rape, carrots, walnuts, and grapes. 
Rotation of crops.—In the northern provinces it is still the prevailing 
practice to raise grain on the same soil every year.. A two-course sys- 
tem—bare fallow on one-half the arable land, and grain or (to a less 
extent) root-crops on the other half—is in use in the provinces around 
Lake Milar. A three-course system—one-third of the arable land in 
fallow, one-third in wheat and rye, and one-third in spring-crops—pre- 
vails in the southern provinces. But throughout the country the laws 
by which rotation in crops should be governed are becoming better 
understood, and changes in favor of conformity to them are gradually 
taking place. In the southern portions there is now in practice a six 
to ten years’ course. It is modified more or less by the varying nature 
of the soil and the varying judgments and tastes of individual farmers, 
but the following are specimens. On a mild clay soil: first year, fallow; 
second, wheat or rye; third, fourth, and fifth, clover and grass; sixth, 
oats; seventh, potatoes; eighth, barley; ninth, clover or vetches for 
green fodder; tenth, wheat. On a stiffer clay soil: first year, fallow; 
second, rye; third, clover; fourth, wheat; fifth, vetches or peas; sixth, 
barley; seventh, oats. On light land: first year, fallow; second, rye; 
third, roots; fourth, barley; fifth and sixth, grass; seventh, oats. On 
sandy soil: first year, root crop; second, barley or oats; third and 
fourth, white clover or grass for pasture; fifth, rye. 
“eld.—The yield per tunnland (1.22 acres) averages: wheat and 
rape, each 40 bushels, and 4,000 pounds of straw; rye, 40 bushels, and 
5,000 pounds of straw; barley, 40 bushels, and 2,500 pounds of straw; 
peas, 30 bushels, and 2,000 pounds of straw; vetches, 40 bushels, and 
3,000 pounds of straw; oats, 50 bushels, and 3,000 pounds of straw; 
beans, 50 bushels, and 2,000 pounds of straw; potatoes, 500 bushels; 
turnips, 1,000 bushels; beets, 750 bushels; white clover, 3,000 pounds 
a hay; red clover, Swedish clover, and timothy, each 6,000 pounds of 
ay. 
