560 
scarcely 30,000. At 2,000 reet elevation, in Styria, a system of harrow culture is in prac- 
tice upon fully 500,000 acres. 
Since 1861 the productive area has increased over 3 per cent. As elsewhere in 
Europe, the tendency to increase of farm-animals, and especially to their improvement, 
with reference to increase of meat, milk, and wool, is manifest. The meadows have 
been increased in ten years 8 per cent., and the pastures 18, while the forests have 
been diminished 16, and the vineyards 12 per cent. The recently reported yield of 
cereals is, for wheat, 15.2 bushels; rye, 14.7; barley, 17; oats, 19; maize;15. Maize is 
a somewhat prominent product of this country, as well as of Hungary and Italy. Ina 
favorable season a small export occurs, as in 1859, when nearly 5,000,000 of bushels 
were exported; but in 1871 the imports exceeded the exports by more than 1,000,000 
bushels. The only provinces having a surplus of bread-products are Galicia and Mo- 
ravia; Bohemia and Lower Austria have a small surplus in good harvests; other dis- 
tricts always have occasion to import, mainly from Hungary, though in recent years a 
small trade has sprung up with Western Europe. 
The beet-sugar interest is prominent, having now 190 factories in operation, of which 
126 are in Bohemia. The average price of dry beets is 4 florins and 80 krentzers 
per centner, or about $2.40 for 136 pounds. The industry gives employment to 
31,858 men, and 18,939 women, the wages of the former ranging from 18 to 80 cents per 
day, and of the latter from 13 to 75 cents. 
During the exhibition in Vienna there was a permanent show of the dairy-stock of 
Austria made by the agricultural societies of the provinces, comprising three type spec- 
imens of each distinctive breed, if breeds they can be called, viz, the self-colored 
breeds, the Mariahofer, of grayish color, good keepers, the yield of milk from each of 
these cows ranging daily from 8 to 15% liters, the heaviest weighing 1,098 pounds; La- 
vanthaler, from Carinthia, white, small-boned, early maturing, weight 890 to 1,065, the 
best yielding 10} liters; the Stockerauer, from Lower Austria, dark gray, meat-produc- 
ers, valuable for crossing with Dutch stock, weight 905 to 1,075 pounds, yielding 8 to 11 
liters of milk; the Oberinthaler, from Tyrol, originating among the Alps, light gray in 
color, desirable as milch-cows, light of weight, small-boned, weight of exhibited speci- 
mens from 790 to 930, yielding from 7} to 122 liters daily ; the Murzthaler, from Styria, 
dark gray, good as milch-cows, and valuable for working, weighing from 892 to 1,057, 
the milk of the three ranging from 9} to 14} liters each ; the Podolische, whitish cattle 
from Galicia, originating in the wild oxen of Moldavia, quick, hardy, escaping disease, 
useful for work, weight 1,015 to 1,072 pounds; the Opocner, from Bohemia, crosses of 
Swiss and natives, dark brown in color, much sought by milkmen of Prague, but nearly 
extinct since the war of 1866, the best giving 11} liters of milk; and the Montafuner, 
light brown, from Voralberg. good tempered, 950 to 1,087 pounds in weight, giving milk 
300 days per annum, yielding respectively 93, 11, and 12 liters daily. Besides these 
were several tribes of spotted or striped stock, the Kuhlander from Moravia, the Pins- 
gauer from Salzburg, the Molthaler from Carinthia, the Pustenthaler from Tyrol, the 
Zillerthaler from Tyrol, the Lichten from Upper Austria, the Egerlander from Bohemia, 
and the Gfohler from Lower Austria. Diplomas were awarded for the Lavanthaler, the 
Oberinthaler, and the Montafuner. The latter are symmetrical and handsome animals, 
coming very close to the English breeds in perfection of development, but scarcely 
equaling them in harmony of proportion. 
HunGary.—Hungary, though a part of the Austrian Empire, prefers to be regarded 
as a distinct nationality. Hungary proper is about the size of Illinois, and occupies 
in Europe very nearly the position held by that State as a producing section. The 
level plains of the Danube Valley are among the very richest lands of Enrope, and 
have long been the granary of Central Europe, to which the hungry of the German 
states, as the Canaanites went down to Egypt to buy bread, have made pilgrimages in 
search of food in seasons of scarcity. 
The condition of the peasantry has been muchimproved. The robot, a labor-tax pay- 
able to the nobility, was abolished in 1848, and the wine-tax and game restrictions 
have been abolished. Every feeholding peasant or householder now possesses his prop- 
erty in fee-simple, by the same title that secures the possessions of the nobility. The 
land is now occupied, about one-third by small proprietors, holding from five to thirty 
joche, (a joch is 1.4223 acres,) or seven to thirty-five acres; a third to a medium class, 
owning from 30 to 200 joche; and a third to those owning from 200 to 10,000 joche. 
The number of holdings is 2,486,255, of which 2,348,110 are small farms. Three-fourths 
of the land belongs to individuals, and the remainder is held in mortmain, or by the 
Crown—the government lands comprising 2,700,000 joche, or six per cent. The price 
of land has advanced greatly during this period of political change. Formerly 50 to 
60 florins per joch was a common price, now in some neighborhoods lands can be had for 
100 florins; moderately productive lands in better situations command 200, and occasion- 
ally, under the competition of active demand for small tracts which are very produc- 
tive, 400 florins are obtained. This is equivalent to $140 per acre. ; 
There are two races of cattle, those of the plains, which are white, large, with long 
horns, herds of which form a striking picture on their broad and level pastures; and 
