570 
exceed 60,000. It should be remembered in this counection that not 
less than "50, 000 foreigners spend a portion of each year -in Switzer- 
land. Forests cover 19 per cent. of the Swiss territory. 
FRUIT CULTURE. 
Fruit culture is quite extensive in the cantons of Thurgovie, Zurich, 
Soleure, Zong, Lucerne, St. Gallj Appenzell, and Bale-Ville. The fruit 
is either dried or made into cider, in which form it forms a considerable 
export, especially by way of Wiirtemburg. Vineyards are also scat- 
tered through Vaud, Zurich, St. Gall, Argovie, Neuchatel, Valais, Tes- 
sin, and Grisons. The annual production of wine is approximately esti- 
mated at 1,155,000 hectoliters, (30,512,559 gallons,) but the home de- 
mand requires in addition the import of 800,000 or 900,000 quintals of 
wine, 106,000 quintals of brandy, and 44,000 quintals of beer. 
GRASS CROPS. 
In- meadow cultivation the leading cantons are Lucerne, Argovie, 
Zurich, Berne, and Soleure ; then follow in order Bale, Schaffhouse, St. 
Gall, Fribourg, Geneva, Grisons, and Valais. The pasture-grounds of 
the Alps are divided into small definite tracts called alpages.. The unit 
of measurement of these tracts is denominated a stoss, which indicates 
the area of pasture necessary for the support of a cow during summer. 
This area varies, according to the richness of the pasture, from 2 to 10 
arpents, the average being 5 arpents and 18 perches. The arpent of 
Geneva is equal to 1.2766 acres. A horse of three years or younger re- 
quire one, two, or three stoss; three heifers will require two stoss; a 
ealf or a hog one-fourth, and a sheep one-fifth of a stoss. 
The number of these alpages is 4,559, scattered through 19 cantons 
and demi-cantons, and 691 communes. Individual proprietors own 2,488 
of these tracts, or 54.6 per cent.; 1,525, or 33.5 per cent., belong to com- 
munes; 80, or 1. 8 per cent., belong to communes and private owners to- 
gether; ; 453, or 9 per cent., belong to corporations; 11, or 0.2 per cent., 
Delong to the government. The altitude of these pastures varies from. 
2,000 to 9,000 feet ; the actual pasturage of live stock in 1864 amounted 
to 270, 3389 stoss, and the actual number of days of pasturage of indi- 
vidual ‘animals was 25 074,238. The value of the alpages is estimated 
_ at 77,186,103 franes. In 1864 153,320 milch-cows pastured on these al- 
pages, returning 8,182,788 francs, beside 115,941 non-milking cows and 
other cattle, returning a minimum revenue of 2,703,465 francs. The 
total return, then, was 10,893,874, or 14.11 per cent. on the capital. Af- 
ter deducting a liberal margin for interest and charges of amortisation 
there remains a net revenue of 9,545,000 francs, or 12.4 per cent. At 
5 per cent. this revenue represents a principal ‘of 190,900,120 franes, 
which amounts fully to 200,000,000 by including the alpages not em- 
braced in these statistics. 
LIVE STOCK. 
The aggregate value of live stock is estimated at 260,000,000 frances. 
The census of April 21, 1866, gave the following enumeration : 
Horses.—Stallions, 428 ; other stallions two years old and upwards, 
3,449; stallions, less than two years old, 5,647; breeding-mares, 9,515 ; 
other mares and geldings four years old and ‘upwards, 64,380 ; “mares 
