607 
tilth; then ridge with the plow, making the ridges at distances of about 2 feet. 
Manure is then spread in the open furrow between the ridges. The plow is then 
passed along the line of the ridges, splitting them in the center, and throwing the soil 
over the manure on either side. The chain-harrow or the roller is then passed along 
over the surface of the ridges to consolidate them, and the plants (obtained by divid- 
ing into several parts old tussocks from another field) are planted on the ridge on the 
first showery day afterward, care being taken that they are planted uniformly at a 
distance of 2 feet apart in each direction; thus admitting of the plow being used 
between the lines of plants and across these lines at right angles. The after-cultiva- 
tion is simple; little weeding is required if the crop was well manured at planting, 
but it is advisable to pass the plow or cultivator occasionally through and across the 
crop, as the absorptive powers of the soil can in this way be kept up. This plowing 
or cultivating should be repeated at any rate once after the removing of each cutting. 
A dressing of fold-yard manure should be ‘applied between the plants and plowed in 
at least once a year. Before the end of the second year the plants, from frequent cut- 
ting, will have formed large tussocks. These must be reduced by simply chop- 
ping with a hoe or spade. We find it best to make two cuts across the tussocks at 
right angles to each other, thus dividing it into four parts. Of these, three are 
removed, and form excellent bedding for the cattle-stalls, the fourth remaining to per- 
petuate the crop. In this way there is no necessity to remove the plants to other 
ground, but care must be exercised to see that the soil is properly manured, as a crop 
which yields such large returns must necessarily make large demands on the soil. 
As to its uses the report says: 
The fodder can be used for all kinds of stock ; at first, it seems to disturb the diges- 
tive organs of some animals, but this is only temporary. I have fed cattle and sheep 
on it exclusively for months, not only without any ill effects, but with the most satisfac- 
tory results. I have found our Guinea-grass field a capital place in which to graze our 
working cattle during the hot season, and for the ewes with young lambs I could 
scarcely desire a better pasture. It produces such an abundant flow of milk in the 
ewes, without, what is common in such cases, disturbing the health of either mother 
or lamb. 
JUTE IN PAPER-MAKING.—The use of jute as a paper material will 
greatly increase the commercial value of this valuable fiber. The Dun- 
dee Advertiser, (Scotland,) on its appearance printed on jute paper, 
after apologizing for its transparency and thinness, says: 
A remarkable fact is that it is the product of Mr. Watson’s second experiment, and if 
we can attain to such a result on only a second trial there need be no fear with respect 
to further experiments. The thinness and transparency will easily be remedied, as 
there is nothing to prevent paper made from jute being of any degree of thickness and 
opaqueness. It may be explained that this sample is made almost entirely from old 
jute-bagging. We propose to have samples made entirely from jute-fiber. To some 
extent jute bagging and waste have been used by paper-makers for several years, 
mixed with other materials; and. when we mention that nearly 50,000,000 jute bags 
were exported last year—the demand for home requirements being also very large—it 
will be seen how large a quantity of manufactured jute there is to work upon, especially 
as bagging is only one class of the goods made from this material. 
PRODUCTS OF THE PuUNJAB.—The province of India known by this 
name yields cotton, sugar-cane, tea, rice, tobacco, and other valuable 
articles of commerce. Rice is cultivated to the largest extent in the 
Kangra, Ambalah, Sielkote, Hushiarpur, and Gurdespur_ districts. 
Wheat and other food-grains and pulses are grown everywhere. The 
chief poppy-growing districts are Ambalah, Sharpur, and Kangra. 'To- 
bacco cultivation is pretty general, though the greatest area is in the 
districts of Delhi, Firozpur, Amietsur, Gujronwala, Hushiarpur, Gurde- 
spur, and Sielkote. Cotton is grown generally in all districts, but the 
chief cotton-producing tract is the Delhi and Hissar divisions. The 
cultivation of indigo is confined almost exclusively to the three districts 
of Multan, Muzaffargarh, and Derah-Ghazi-Khan. Tea is grown only 
in Kangra, while the sugar-cane is grown generally. 
EFFECTS OF FREE TRADE ON AGRICULTURE IN InprA. — Fifteen 
years of open competition with the remainder of the world is producing 
discouragement and industrial loss in India. The decline in native 
‘ 
