228 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 
propagate them, and we had good success in growing barberry hedges. It 
was a very popular shrub, but a rumor soon came about of the kind such as 
has been started here again. The matter was generally discussed at that 
time, and I think it was considered that the barberry was unsafe to plant, See 
and it fell into general disuse. I think it would be difficult to find many bar- 
berries there now. As to this red cedar apple. Down on one of the old 
plantations I bought years ago in Virginia, the red cedar is one of the most 
common trees. I have seen orchards growing with great success along the 
valley of the Potomac, and I have seen as high as two thousand trees grow- 
ing in the orchard successfully, and I know that the blight is very common. 
I know without spraying in that state nobody can keep fine fresh foliage 
on the trees. There are some few trees that seem to be rust proof among 
some two hundred varieties I have tried. There is one that is called the 
Early Morgan. I have never seen any blight on that apple, although I know 
it is completely surrounded by red cedar. Now that is a state of facts. 
Mr. Dartt: After the barberry bushes were destroyed in Wisconsin did 
they raise better wheat? 
Col. Daniels: I cannot say, as I did not remain there, but it was generally 
admitted that people would not take the chances of raising the barberry, 
The President: When I left New Hampshire the barberry was every- 
where, and the wheat was nowhere. Nobody ever thought of trying to raise 
wheat. I never saw a field of wheat growing that was not in the woods 
away from everybody. 
Mr. Nutter: It seems to me there may be scme misunderstanding in 
regard to this matter, in regard to the influence of trees and shrubs on the 
rust question. It seems to me you perhaps misunderstand the claims that 
scientists make. As I understand it, if the barberry is there the wheat will 
be rusted, and in regard to the red cedar the same is true; but there are two 
phases in the life of this fungus, and it requires the presence of both of 
them to complete its life. The tadpole must have the water to develop it, 
and it is the same in this, if we have the water we shall be troubled with the 
frogs, but if we do not have the water we shall not have the frogs. The one 
is necessary to complete the life circuit of the other. So the rust may start, 
I do not say where it originated, but in order that it may be propagated it 
must be necessary to have some plant to serve as a nursery for it. 
Mr. Jewett: I presume there are hundreds of people throughout the 
state that are in the same condition I was in figuring to plant a shelter belt 
for the orchard. I thought of setting out the red cedar, but those who wish 
to set out evergreens should set out something equally as good as red cedar 
in preference to that, for if there is anything in this claim we will suffer for 
it hereafter. 
Mr. Harris: I do not think our red cedar in this northern climate is 
found with those apples that have been mentioned. I think it is something 
like the San Jose scale. But the first thing you know that red cedar apple will 
be here, and you will get the rust. I know they have got it in Missouri and 
Arkansas. 
Mr. Jewett: I regret that Prof. Lugger is not here, but he made the 
same statement as Mr. Harris, that this rust may come here later. 
Mr. Clark: I want to say something about this barberry. I want to say 
this. I have had a farm in North Dakota for a number of years, and for the 
last twelve years especially I have been trying to get out of the wheat busi- 
