290 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
fectly smooth base, the calyx segments coming off at time of maturity. The 
Hyslop and Transcendent and a whole lot more are types between the pure 
Siberian crab and the cultivated apple. 
Mr. Philips, (Wis.): Do you know why eastern nurserymen recommend 
budded trees to trees grafted in the root? 
Prof. Hansen: Simply because it gives them smoother trees they can 
sell better. The point I want to make is that the ordinary apple seedling 
all over’ Europe forms a tap root, and when they put them out on their soil 
they do not make a satisfactory growth the first year, but if they plant a 
seedling and have them established a year they get a better growth. On 
our soil it will not do because the seedling is too near the surface, we use a 
long scion and a short root. All over Europe they transplant them the 
first year when they are about a month old, and upon transplanting them 
they pinch the tip of the root. I did that this year; I sowed the seed and 
transplanted the piece of root and I got a wonderful development of the 
root system. Heretofore it was simply a straight shoot, but by transplant- 
ing when a few weeks old I got a root system that astonished me. I broke 
off the top root and got a fine branching root. 
Mr. Busse: Any difference in hardiness between budded and root- 
grafted trees! 
Prof. Hansen: There is not a single bit of difference. It is simply a 
question as to how far down you can get that tender seedling. 
Prof. Hays: What do you intend to breed to make a good variety? 
Prof. Hansen: We have to use our Siberian crab. 
Mr. Philips: I want to say a few words right along this line, and that 
is in regard to those eastern trees. I spent a week on that mission this 
fall. Some men came from the east and worked in the vicinity of Oshkosh, 
where our state has two or three local societies, and they began to sell a 
large amount of budded trees. They told the people the budded trees would 
stand the cold better and be longer lived than the grafted tree, and they sold 
a large number of trees, but some of our local people knew what they were 
doing. They sent for me to come and help investigate the matter, and I 
found they had made a lot of people believe that an eastern budded tree 
was better than a western grafted tree. They made them believe that the 
union where the graft was put in underground was always unsound, and the 
agent had some roots with him that he had found somewhere and showed 
them where the western tree was unsound. He was doing quite a business 
through here, and they appointed a meeting at which he was to be present, 
and I was to be there. I had made some investigation so as to be ready 
for him. But one of those men he had been selling to came—and he had 
those men set them in the fall. Now I found this, I found a man who had 
bought a hundred of those trees, and he had set them in the fall. I told him 
he had made a mistake by not setting them in the spring. I said I had had 
an experience of twenty-five years planting trees in the spring, and I knew 
it would have been better to have put them in the cellar until spring. I 
askd him if he would allow me to take twenty of them. He let me take 
twenty trees, and now, to tell you the truth, out of those twenty trees there 
was not a single budded tree; they were all grafted. I sawed those trees 
across where they were grafted, I sawed them at that meeting, and there 
was not one of those trees that was a particle unsound. He had shown 
them a nice straight tree, but what he delivered to those farmers were grafted 
