470 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 
budded with such varieties as Hibernal, Wealthy, Duchess and Longfield. 
In the spring of 1899 trees of leading American varieties were secured from 
an eastern nursery. At present 135 trees, growing in boxes, all of apples on 
Paradise stocks, are on hand. Some interesting results have been noted. 
Wealthy blooms at two years from the bud, that is, buds inserted in the fall 
of 1897 blossomed in the spring of 1go0, in the beginning of its third season 
of growth. This fall I picked a few apples of Wagner and Baldwin crossed 
with Hibernal pollen, and would have picked at least a score more had the 
boxes been better protected at first from volunteer pickers. I hope that a 
legislative appropriation will permit the building of an ‘‘orchard house.” 
The boxes are put in the cellar over winter at present, but an orchard house 
would be better. The trees already in boxes or ready to put into boxes in- 
clude, beside American and Russian apples, also Siberian and hybrid Siberian 
crabs, large-fruited native crabs, red-fleshed’ apples from Turkestan, seed- 
less apples, dwarf and other forms of the apple from various parts of the 
world. 
The red-fleshed apple bears the formidable name of Pyrus Malus Nied- 
zwetzkyana. It has red flesh, red cambium layer (no substitution with such 
an apple), dark red bark, and the young wood and leaves are red. I met 
Mr. Niedzwetzky in northern Turkestan at Vernoe, near the Chinese border. 
He is a lawyer, an exile and an enthusiastic amateur horticulturist. The 
apple was found by him in the high mountains between China and Russian 
Turkestan. He had already sent it to Europe to Dr. Dieck, of Germany, 
who sent it to L. Spath, also of Germany, from whose nursery IJ had al- 
ready imported it in the winter of 1896-97. These I lost by root-killing in 
the winter of 1898-99, but I have secured it again. The fruit is about the 
size of Whitney and an all winter keeper. I fear its hardiness, however, and 
do not deem it of value except for plant-breeding. I encountered this red- 
fleshed race of apples in other places in Turkestan, especially at a horticul- 
tural school in Turkestan north of Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan. The red 
color of the young wood under the knife is very characteristic. 
Besides the 135 apple trees in boxes, the inventory this fall shows 108 
boxes and pots of other fruits, including plums, pears, peaches, Prunus Si- 
moni, mulberry, filbert, almond, spineless and other gooseberries, currants, 
grape and oleaster. 
The frames shown in the photograph show some of a number of frames 
used as nurseries for wild plants until they attain sufficient size to trust them 
out in the field. My inventory of seedlings this fall raised on the grounds at 
Brookings in the past two years shows over 27,000 seedlings of native fruits. 
But this subject will be treated in another paper. 
As to methods, all small lots of seed are now sown in flats and trans- 
planted into beds in the garden as soon as large enough to handle. It is still 
better to transplant into 4-inch pots and later to the field. Not a seed is lost 
with proper care, and the festive and ubiquitous cutworm is robbed of his 
prey. Larger lots are sown in beds or nursery rows. Transplanting the first 
season is the conimon method of European nurseries, and I find here that it 
gives a finely branched system of roots. The root-pinching at time of trans- 
planting breaks up the tap-root. A large lot of Pyrus baccata seedlings was 
raised this season in this way. Owing to very dry weather immediately 
after transplanting they were checked in growth, but they are well rooted. 
To hasten bearing, buds can be cut the second or even the first sum- 
mer.and budded into the tep of a bearing tree. The first year’s top can 
