"by a statute of limitations. If suit is brought claiming merely the rent 

 and deposit, together with the enhancement which might be justifiably 

 claimed from the enhanced value of land or other circumstance, the 

 enhancement is sure to be disallowed. If he attempts to bolster up his 

 claim by false accounts, which are sure to be detected by the defendant's 

 lawyers, the feeling of the court turns against him, and he is limited to 

 barely what the ryots are willing to r»ay. Hence, the process of the 

 courts finds little favor in the eyes of the zemindary interest. The sym- 

 pathy of the courts appears to be strongly with the popular interest. 



The zemindars then resort to questionable strategy. They attempt to 

 create dissension among the ryots and even to buy up the headmen. 

 Sometimes the cashier of the union embezzles the funds, but this ex- 

 poses him not only to legal prosecution, but also to the dread of popular 

 indignation. If everything else fail, the zemindars import mobs, gen- 

 erally from the Jessore district, to crush the ryots. Generally the latter 

 are too powerful, and the mobs are dispersed. In an appeal to the police, 

 the zemindars, from the peculiar structure of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence, 

 generally have the advantage. 



The question of suppressing these unions by law has been seriously 

 entertained by Anglo-Indian officials, but such a course would most 

 probably be defeated. Official observers say that the effect of these 

 unions is beneficial to public order; that though they lead to many col- 

 lisions, they prevent a still greater number. E.iots are most frequent 

 in those districts where the sway of the zemindary interest is least im- 

 peded by unions. The whole difficulty arises out of a false system of 

 social organism — that of crown tenancy of the lands. Even antiquated 

 Indian civilization is outgrowing the swaddling-bands of feudalism. 

 Allodial land-ownership, giving the soil as far as possible into the hands 

 of actual cultivators, is the true policy. 



The weight of opinion is in favor of sustaining the independence of 

 the ryots, and of still further protecting them against the exactions of 

 the zemindars. 



Live-stock moveivients at Chicago. — George T. Williams, secre- 

 tary of the Union Stock- Yards Association of Chicago, has furnished 

 the Department with a statement showing the receipts and shipments of 

 live-stock during the first six mouths of 1875, from which the following 

 figures have been condensed : 



Of cattle, the total receipts were 4'66,833 and the shipments 378,563 ; 

 of hogs, the receipts were 2,002,484 and the shipments 911,598 ; of sheep, 

 the receipts were 226,785 and the shipments 149,117 ; of horses, the re- 

 ceipts were 9,098 and the shipments 8,822. 



Of cattle, the great mass of the receipts was byroads from the West and 

 South, and the shipments mostly eastward. Thus, the Chicago, Eock 

 Island and Pacific road brought in 87,501 head and carried away only 

 2,261; the Illinois Central brought in 82,222 and carried away only 

 9,431. The heaviest receipt, 139,952 head, was by the Chicago, Biu-- 

 lington and Quincy, while the shii^ment was only 2,861 ; the Chicago 

 and i^orthwestern imported 66,834 and exported 1,886; the Chicago 

 and Alton brought 55,574 and took away 6,052. Of the exporting roads, 

 the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago brought in only 905 and carried 

 eastward 101,897 ; the Michigan Central imported only 1,039 and ex- 

 ported 91,089 ; the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern brought 2,199 

 and took away 156,973. The business of the other roads was very small. 

 April was the month of largest receipt and shipment, the former amount- 

 ing to 92,374 and the latter to 82,888. 



Of swine, the largest receipt for the six months, 730,988, was by 



