452 



some of these gross inequalities of adiniiiistratiou and liave sugft'csted 

 some means of partial alleviation. The gravest public interests imper- 

 atively demand the extension of the system of statistics and more 

 effective devices for relief of the evils of the Indian social state. It is 

 evident that disease and crime have been greatly increased by lack of 

 subsistence. The moral discipline and well-being of society, then, 

 demand that this great interest should be fostered, and that more effect- 

 ive measures be taken, both to ascertain the needs of Indian society 

 and to devise measures to meet their demands. 



In looking to foreign systems of statistics, Mr. Markham .finds but 

 little to approve of in the methods extant in England and Ireland, which 

 are too dry and abstract, and without commentaries giving them a 

 practical value. He finds his ideal better realized in the statistical sys- 

 tem of the United States Department of Agriculture, with its organiza- 

 tion of county boards of correspondents and its monthly returns from 

 all parts of the country, regularly tabulated and interpreted by careful 

 study. In France, agricultural returns are most voluminous, and are 

 now being codified in valuable general treatises. Holland has of late 

 directed special inquiries in regard to her colonial possessions in the 

 East Indies, of which compilations with graphic illustrations have been 

 prepared. These models Mr. Markham proposes for imitation to the 

 Anglo-Indian government. 



English "agricultural holdings" act. — This act, embodying 

 reluctant concessions from the land-holding to the land cultivating in- 

 terest, applies only to England, and will be in force on and after Febru- 

 ary 14, 1876. After carefully defining the terms tenant, landlord, 

 holding, &c., it provides that the tenant shall hereafter be entitled to 

 compensation for three classes of improvements placed upon land, viz : 

 1. Drainage, erection or enlargement of buildings, permanent pas- 

 ture, osier-beds, water-meadows or irrigation-works, making gar- 

 dens, making or improving roads or bridges, making or improving 

 water-courses, wells, &c., making fences, planting hops, planting 

 orchards, reclaiming waste-land and warping of land ; 2, boning land 

 with undissolved bones, chalking, clay-burning, claying, liming, and 

 marling; 3, purchased manure, artificial or other, consumption on the 

 land of cake or other feed not produced on it. The first class shall be 

 considered unexhausted for twenty years, the second seven, and the 

 third two years after the termination of the lease. The amount of 

 compensation for improvements of the first class is to be determined 

 by the sum actually laid out, deducting a proportionate part for the 

 continuance of the tenancy after the year in which the improvement 

 was made; but if the landlord was not absolute owner of the holding at 

 the time the improvement was made, the compensation shall represent 

 only the actual addition to the letting-value of the land. For an im- 

 provement of the second class the compensation will be the actual outlay, 

 deducting a sum proportionate to the time the tenancy endures after the 

 year in which the improvement was placed upon the land. The com- 

 ipensation for a third-class improvement shall be the actual value 

 thereof, at the termination of the tenancy, to an incoming tenant. 



Improvements of the first class must be made with the full consent of 

 the landlord, given in writing, and from the amount allowed shall be 

 deducted what is necessary to put the premises in tenantable repair. 

 Notice in writing must be given to the landlord from seven to forty-two 

 days before executing an improvement of the second class. A claim for 

 such improvement shall not be valid if executed after the tenant has 

 received notice to quit, unless with the previous written consent of the 



