ANNUAL MEETING, I902, WIS. STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 151 



■would be to kill the grass with good stock manure used as a heavv 

 mulch, especially where the trees were too close to give a very shal- 

 low ploughing. 



The next paper on the program was on "Transplanting the Ap- 

 ple in the Northwest," by Secretary A. W. Latham. This paper 

 brought out a very full discussion. The paper was very instructive 

 and included the experiences and methods of some sixteen planters 

 in Minnesota and Iowa. It is hoped it will be printed in the Minne- 

 sota Horticulturist. 



The next paper was by Oliver Gibbs, of Prescott, Wis., on the 

 "Variation of Fruits in Changed Environments," Altitude had 

 much to do with changing late summer to early fall, and late fall to 

 winter varieties. Elevation, soil and climatic environments were 

 making decided changes. Some varieties had a wonderful amount 

 of adaptability to changed conditions. The Utter is one that 

 varies as much as any variety known, often specimens from the 

 same tree show a wide variation. The Peter, Wealthy, Plumb's 

 Cider, Wine Sap, Ben Davis and others have this inherent power 

 of variation under changed conditions. The Fameuse will do its 

 best on a sandy loam. It does not thrive as well on stiff clay. The 

 native sand cherry responds quickly to environment. The Wealthy 

 seems wonderfully well adapted to changed climatic conditions. It 

 is now planted all around the world. This question was very fully 

 discussed. Mr. Luther Burbank's tree grafted with over 600 va- 

 rieties was spoken of as a case where conditions were made as 

 near alike as possible. Mr. S. H. Kellogg had twenty-five varieties 

 on one tree. Mr. Smith spoke of a peculiar variation of a Whitney 

 tree: on one limb the fruit was mostly of a larger size than 

 on the balance of the tree. It was claimed that a soil with a large 

 amount of silica often in different seasons will change coloring and 

 season of fruits. 



EVENING SESSION, TUESDAY. 



"Stubborn Facts in the Forty-Second Latitude," by W. J. 

 Movie, Yorkville. He spoke of the diverse locations, changeable cli- 

 mates, variation of soils that had to be met in the cultivation of 

 fruits. Often adverse conditions required heroic changes in meth- 

 ods and varieties. Still he had unbounded hope in the future for 

 fruit culture above the 42CI parallel of latitude. One great draw- 

 back was the methods often used in the propagation of nursery 

 stock. Western propagation was not similar to eastern in many 

 respects. Often nature employs those methods best adapted to 

 climatic conditions, and we ought to be careful ami not make too 

 marked a change from nature's laws. The native plum should al- 



