23O MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



a new idea to me, although I had previously paid attention to this 

 pollenizing. It is not generally known and understood except by 

 botanists that pollen of many varieties of plants is the plant itself, 

 and that in the production of the plant the pollen must fall into it 

 or be transferred to it in order to perfect its production. We will 

 suppose that the pollen falls into a particle not adapted to its pro- 

 duction, it dies. We will suppose it is partially adapted ; it makes a 

 partial growth ; then the growth would be abnormal ; but when you 

 consider the minuteness of this pollen and that a single grain of pol- 

 len is a plant of itself it increases the wonder of these productions. 



Mr. Brand: I have had a little experience in watching these 

 bud variations. In 1874 I planted a block of Duchess. I dug out 

 some but left 112 trees that came into bearing, and in that number 

 there was one that produced a different apple from the others. At 

 first I did not pay much attention to it, but when it continued for 

 three or four years I became satisfied it was different, although it 

 had all the appearances of a Duchess, and no one would have mis- 

 taken it for anything else but the Duchess. There is no difference 

 in the flavor of the apple except that it contained a little more vege- 

 table iron than the ordinary Duchess, but the form of the apple is a 

 little different. It is more uniform throughout the tree than the 

 Duchess, and it has a crimson color instead of stripes, and it has 

 more of a bloom on it than the Duchess. After it had fruited four 

 or five years I concluded I would graft it and see whether the young 

 trees would retain these characteristics, and the young trees pro- 

 duced the same kind of apples as that one original tree. Then I 

 began to read up on the subject, and in Mr. Darwin's works I read 

 about bud variation. Now, to be brief, I will simply give what Mr. 

 Darwin says in a few words, and that is, that in all plants that have 

 been under cultivation for a long time the elements which go to 

 make a new production of the sexual organs of the blossom are in 

 the cellular structure of the wood and develop in ■ bud variation. 

 Now in those instances that Prof. Green gave everything is different. 

 The buds on the same tree are different, but, as a rule, there is not 

 that amount of difference that attracts attention, and it is only in 

 isolated instances that the development is so marked that our at- 

 tention is attracted to it. Since then I have noticed another Duchess 

 in a younger orchard where I had planted three hundred trees. 

 There is one tree that bears a much larger apple and a different color 

 from the others, although it is a Duchess tree. I take that to be 

 a bud variation and shall graft from it. The first one I mentioned 

 I have been propagating and selling under the name of the ''Red 

 Duchess." 



Prof. Robertson: I believe there is something in the plant, 

 in the individual, I believe there is something in the soil, I be- 

 lieve there is a quality connected with the plant that may lie dor- 

 mant until the proper condition of climate or development comes. 

 I can give you a good illustration of this in connection with what 

 is called the No. 13 corn. We were raising some of this No. 13 

 corn that had appeared from the north, and there never had been a 

 sign of squaw corn. When we came to harvest it there was only one 



