414 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



i. Have always used grafted trees ; have had no experience 

 with those budded. 



j. Crown or whole root-graft. 



k. By piece root-grafting. 



1. I think root-grafting all right. 



m. Root-grafts. 



n. Root-grafting on crab stock. 



0. Grow first on hardy roots, or on trees like Hibernal or Vir- 

 ginia crab grown on their own roots. Then set and grow the trees 

 about two or three years. Then top-work them with fairly well- 

 tested kinds. 



p. Root-graft. 



q. Crown-grafting one-year seedlings from selected seed of 

 hardy trees. 



9. Question: How should roots be pruned before planting in 

 orchard ? 



Answers: 



a. Cut from the under side all bruised or broken roots and the 

 ends of the roots. Smooth off to fresh wood. 



b. Cut them back to the length of eighteen inches, and when the 

 roots are injured in digging, cut them smooth. 



c. Only where broken. 



d. With slanting cut made from under side of roots. 



e. No more than enough to make smooth cuts at the ends of 

 the roots, and to fit the roots to a generous sized hole. 



f. All broken roots cut smoothly. 



g. Cut off ends of bruised roots only. 



h. Depends on the size of tree and root. Two years, trim all 

 roots back to six inches ; three-year-trees, trim to ten inches ; four- 

 year-trees, leave all the roots possible, with the end of root cut from 

 under side sloping out. 



i. Do all pruning in fall when the trees are heeled in. Cut off 

 all rough ends and let the cuts be from under side upward, so that 

 when the tree stands up no cuts are shown. Roots will be well cal- 

 loused by spring. 



j. Should cut away damaged portions only. 



k. Cut ends smooth. 



1. Set trees with roots left on, and in as fresh condition as pos- 

 sible. If much dried, I bury in moist earth for three or four days, 

 root and branch. 



m. Cut off the bruised ends with sharp knife. 



n. It does not matter so much ; but it is well to cut off ends of 

 roots and any that are broken, but roots are supposed to be in good 

 condition. 



o. Cut off all bruised roots, all small fibrous roots and all roots 

 that are injured on the ends back to where they are entirely sound. 

 If too long to be straight in the hole, cut off. Cut all roots from the 

 under side. 



p. 'Cut smooth and shortened to not more than ten inches. 



q. Cut off all bruised and broken roots and the tip ends of all 

 roots. 



