276 MINNESOTA STATE HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY. 



Mr. O: F. Brand : I noticed some thirty years ago or more 

 where I had top-grafted a few Hmbs of seedlings of Duchess or 

 Wealthy, I forget which, and this seedling had a round sided stem 

 and the same little excrescences as you notice in the smooth stemmed 

 apple, and I noticed some of the same characteristics in the apples 

 of other trees. In regard to this case Mr. Lord speaks of, I was at his 

 place looking at the Wealthy, Golden Russet and Fameuse, and I 

 noticed some apples that had been fertilized by the Russet and on the 

 Wealthy that had been fertilized by the Fameuse, and I asked Mr. 

 Lord to save those apples and send them to me. The one he speaks 

 of that came from the Fameuse tree was decidedly russetted and 

 looked more like a Golden Russet than a, Fameuse. The same year 

 when I was in another part of the state I was at one or two other 

 places and I noticed the same thing. At Mr. Evans' place, on the 

 ridge above LaCrescent, I noticed evidence of cross-pollination be- 

 tween the Utter Red and another variety, and I asked him to send 

 the apples to me, and he did so. None of these apples that showed 

 those marked evidences of cross-pollination contained more than two 

 or three perfect seeds. I would like to ask the professors of horti- 

 culture, including Prof. Green, who have done this kind of work by 

 hand-pollination, if they ever noticed that there were but a few seeds 

 in those apples. I never found but two or three perfect seeds in 

 apples that showed the secondary effect of cross-fertilization. Those 

 effects I presume are termed secondary effects, while the effect on 

 the seed is the primary effect. I noticed also in a barrel of Jonathan 

 apples from which I saved the seeds, and which I got because I 

 thought they might have been fertilized with the Geniton apples, that 

 all of those Jonathan showed the secondary effect and had but two or 

 three seeds in them. I would like to inquire of Prof. Green as to 

 his observations. 



Prof. Green : So far as the quality of the seed is concerned I 

 think that varies a good deal according to the variety, and we are 

 more likely, I think, to get good strong seeds where the varieties are 

 congenial where we get cross-fertilization than where they are self- 

 fertilized. 



In regard to whether there is such a thing in the apple or straw- 

 berry that the quality is affected by the pollen the first year I am of 

 the opinion that it sometimes does occur. I do not think I have the 

 matter in such shape that I can present it to you, but I have a very 

 strong impression from a good many experiments and the experi- 

 ments of others that leads me to think that sometimes that is the fact 

 For practical purposes it does not cut much of a figure. Now this 

 is a new field of observation. Of course, there has been a whole lot 

 of work done in it, and I think that all that has been said here might 

 be true of the observation of each party. One man's observation 

 might show there was practically no effect from this, and another 

 man whose experience was different showed plainly that there was 

 such a thing as the effect from pollination. That is the way it ap- 

 pears to me. So far as the production of seed is concerned in your 

 crossed apples I do not think there is a large amount of seed, but 

 I think the majority of experiments seem to show that where apples 



