531 



British mineral-production in 1873. — From the introduction to 

 the annual returns of mineral-production, lately published by the keeper 

 of mining records, it appears that the United Kingdom, during 1873, 

 produced raw minerals to the value of £59,479,486. The leading items 

 of this production were as follows : 127,016,747 tons of coal, worth 

 £47,631,280 ; 15,577,499 tons of iron-ore, worth £7,573,676 ; 80,188J tons 

 of copper-ore, worth £342,708 ; 14,884f tons of tin-ore, worth £1,056,835 ; 

 73,500^ tons of lead-ore, worth £1,131,907 ; 15,969 tons of zinc-ore, worth 

 £61,166 ; 58,924 tons of iron pyrites, worth £35,485 ; 5,448| tons of ar- 

 senic, worth £22,854; 8,671^ tons of manganese, worth £57,766 ; 6,368^ 

 of ocher and amber, worth £5,410 ; 1,785,000 tons of fine and fire clay, 

 worth £656,300 ; 1,785,000 tons of salt, worth £892,500. The metals 

 obtained from the above ores are valued at £21,409,878, including 

 6,566,451 tons of pig-ion, worth £18,057,739 ; 9,972 tons of tin, worth 

 £1,329,766 ; 5,240 tons of copper, worth £502,822 ; 54,235 tons of lead, 

 worth £1,263,375 ; 537,707 ounces of silver, worth £131,077 ; 4,471 tons of 

 zinc, worth £120,099,and other metals valued at £3,000. The total pro- 

 duct of coal, metals, and non-metallic minerals is valued at £70,722,992, 

 or over $350,000,000, against £70,193,416 in 1872. The coal-product in- 

 creased about 3,400,000 tons, but the iron-ore exportation declined over 

 a million tons, necessitating a decrease in pig-iron production of 175,478 

 tons. Copper-ore also fell off 11,695 tons, and the metallic product 500 

 tons. All the other metals show a decline, except tin. The coal-product 

 is the largest ever realized. The keeper of the mining records estimates 

 that of the total product 12,712,222 tons were exported ; 3,790,000 tons 

 used on railways ; 35,119,709 tons used in iron-manufacture ; 763,607 

 tons in smelting other metals ; 9,500,000 tons in mines and collieries ; 

 3,650,000 tons in steam-navigation ; 27,550,000 tons in steam-power 

 manufactures ; 6,560,000 tons in gas-manufacture ; 650,000 tons in water- 

 works ; 3,450,000 tons in potteries, glass-works, &c. ; 3,217,229 tons in 

 chemical and other works ; 20,050,000 tons in domestic consumption. 



Sewage-farming in England. — Upon the sewage-farm of Lord 

 Warwick, near Leamington, in England, twenty acres of mangel-wurzel 

 (of two kinds, orange and intermediate globe) produced 82 tons to the 

 acre, the crop being the greatest ever known in England. The field 

 had been in Italian rye-grass in 1871 and 1872, and wheat in 1873. It 

 received no manure other than sewage during the past four years. 

 The mangel was sowed in rows, 2 feet apart, and the plants were 

 thinned to 1 foot. The roots were so large that tons and tons were 

 selected which did not exceed one hundred roots to the ton. 



Earm- ANIMALS IN ENGLAND AND WALES. — The following table gives 

 the totals of the several classes of farm-animals in England and in. 

 Wales, as shown by official returns, on the 25th of June, in 1873 and 

 1874: 



