10 



the east by the Pine Barrens and stretching from Bucks to Chester 

 county in Pennsylvania, and drained by the Delaware, Schuylkill 

 and Brandywine, has quite a uniform bird fauna. It consists mainly 

 of an open farming district, with interspersed patches of oak and 

 chestnut woodland and occasional clumps of Red Cedar {Juniperus 

 virginiana), while on some of the steeper banks of the rivers and 

 creeks, on the Pennsylvania side, are scanty growths of Hemlock. 

 The flat meadows below Philadelphia contain numerous open swamps 

 and patches of woodland composed of Oak, together with Sweet 

 Gum, Magnolia and Pepperbush, which recall the New Jersey 

 swamps. 



As a complete list of the birds which breed in the Delaware Valley 

 will be found elsewhere, it is only necessary in this connection to 

 mention the regular occurrence in suitable localities throughout this 

 district of such distinctively Carolinian species as the Turkey Vul- 

 ture, Barn Owl, Acadian Flycatcher, Cardinal, Rough-winged 

 Swallow, Blue-winged Warbler, Kentucky "Warbler, Worm-eating 

 Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, Carolina Wren and Tufted Tit- 

 mouse. 



An occasio4ial pair of Redstarts and Least Flycatchers remain 

 here to breed, though the majority of them do not summer south of 

 the AUeghanian zone. 



The Susquehanna Valley. — The valley of the Susquehanna, stretch- 

 ing back from Chesapeake Bay, enters Pennsylvania in York and 

 Lancaster counties and carries many southern plants and birds north- 

 ■ward in abundance which are rare or unknown in the higher ground 

 on either side. The deep hemlock woods which cover the steep and 

 rocky banks of the river remind one strongly of the mountain forests 

 of the Alleghanies, but we find no trace of mountain birds to com- 

 plete the resemblance, although a few northern species of plants do 

 occur.* The character of the bird fauna, though practically identi- 

 cal with that of the country to the east, is probably rather more 

 Carolinian. No species occur, so far as is known, which are not also 

 found in other portions of southeastern Pennsylvania, but the dis- 

 tinctively Carolinian species are much more abundant than else- 

 where. Carolina Wrens seem to almost entirely replace the House 

 Wrens, and their loud whistle is continually to be heard. Cardinals, 

 Kentucky Warblers, Blue-winged Warblers and Worm-eating Warb- 

 lers abound, and Louisiana Water-Thrushes occupy the shaded rocky 



* Sambucusjpubens, etc. 



