62 Transactions of the Royal Mieroscojncal Societij. 



and fossil, by careful manipulation, and very easily from the 

 sponges of commerce, which often become charged with them when 

 trodden about, in process of drying, on richly foraminiferal beaches. 

 Sometimes half the material of a beach-sand consists of Foramini- 

 fera. In some tropical islands, shoals and beaches are formed 

 wholly of the shells of Orhitoliies, Tino'porus, Operculina, (tc. 

 Fresh seaweeds placed in salt-water aquaria, fresh oyster-ooze and 

 other marine muds washed in sea-water, fine surface-nets and 

 under-water trailing bags, are among the means of obtaining 

 living specimens. In the fossil state Foraminifera constitute great 

 stratified masses, such as the Fusulina limestone of Eussia and else- 

 where, the Saccamminal limestone of Northumberland, much of the 

 ^ hite Chalk, the Nummulitic limestone of Euroj)e, Asia, and North 

 Africa, the MiHoHtic limestone of Paris, Alveolina limestone of 



Fig. 7. — v. Hantken, p. 87, pi. 14, f. 4. Cristellaria elegans, Hantk. a, side ; 



h, inner edge. 

 „ 8. — V. Haotken, p. 49, pi. 5, f. 11. Cristellaria Schwageri, Hantk. a, side; 



6, inner edge. 

 -V. Hantken, p. 53, pi. 5, f. 6. Cristellaria arcuata, I/Orb. a, side ; 



6, inner edge. 

 -V. Hantken, p. 49, pi. 5, f. 3. Cristellaria cymboides, L'Orb. (= Planu- 



laria crepidula, F. and M.). a, side ; 6, inner edge. 

 -V. Hiintken, p. 51, pi. 6, f. 4 6. Cribtellaria nummulitica, Giimb. a, side ; 



6, inner edge. 

 -V. Hantken, p. 56,- pi. 6, f. 7. Eobulina Kubinyii, Jlantk. a, side; 



6, inner edge. 

 -A. D'Orbigny's ' Foraminif eres fossiles du Bassin tertiaire de Vienne,' 



1846, p. 102, pi. 4, f. 27. Eobulina simplex, B'Orb. (= Cristellaria 



rotnlata, Lamarck). 

 -V. Hantken. p. 57, pi. 6, f. 11. Eobulina limbosa, 2ieuss (= Cristellaria 



cultrat'i, De Montfort). o, side ; 6, inner edge. 

 -D'Orbigny, 'For. foss. Vien.,' p. 91, pi. 4, f. 4. Cristellaria cassis, 



F. and M. 

 -D'Orbigny, 'For. foss. Vien.,' p. 99, pi. 4, f. 18. Eobulina calcar, 



Linn^. 

 -V. Hantken, p. 58, pi. 14, f. 9. Eolmlina Baconica, Hantk. 

 -V. Hantken, p. 53, pi. 5, f. 7. Cristellaria Kochi, Reass. a, side; 



6, inner edge. 

 -V. Hantken, p. 54, pi. 13, f. 20. Cristellaria galeata, Reuss. a, side; 



6, inner edge. 

 -V. Hantken, p. 53, pi. 5, f. 5 a. Cristellaria arcuata, If Orb. (= Sara- 



cenaria Italica, Defrance). o, side ; 6, inner edge. 

 -V. Hantken, p. 53, pi. 5, f. 5 6. Cristellaria arcuata, JD'Orb. (= Sara- 



cenaria Italica, Defr.). a, si<le ; h, inner edge. 

 -a, b, 0. Terquem's ' Troisieme Me'moire bur les Foraminiferes du Systeme 



oolithique,' 1870, pi. 23, f. 7. Frondicularia dentaliniformis, Terq. 



(= Linguline form of Frondicularia papa, D'Orb.). 

 „ 23.— Terquem, jA. 22, f. 22. Frondicularia irregularis, Terq. (= Lingulina 



carinata, D'Orb., Modele, No. 26). 

 „ 24. — Terquem, pi. 22, f. 10. Frondicularia spissa, Terq. 

 „ 25. — Terquem, pi. 24, f. 15. Flabellina ponderosa, Terq. 

 „ 26.— Terquem, pi. 23, f. 26. Flabellina triquetra, Terq. 

 „ 27. — H. B. Brady's ' Synopsis of the Foraminifera of the Middle and Upper 



Lias of Somersetshire,' 1867, p. 110, pi. 2, f. 25. Planularia pauperata, 



Jones and Parker, 



