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soil in the bottom of the furrows behind the furrow-horse. The Gar- 

 deners' Chronicle says of it : 



This is a innch more effective plan of siilisoiling than the old one, as the furrow-slice 

 is turned over the newly loosened subsoil, thus leaving the land in the best possible 

 state for aeration and drainage, with the fertilizing processes that follow. When the 

 ■work was done on the old plan, either with two teams — one in the subsoil plow and 

 the other a common plow — the furrow-horse of the latter team, trod and consolidated 

 the newly loosened subsoil. Even the feet of the plowman holding the subsoil 

 plow did much harm to land naturally adapted to run together in the bottom, and 

 besides better work done, there is a great economy of horse-power, fully as much as 

 "when turning two furrow-slices. By removing the subsoiler, and fixing abreast, the 

 implement is converted into a furrow-plow. At the Oxford meeting of the Royal 

 Agricultural Society this combination of plow and subsoiler received the highest 

 commendation of the judges. Whether nsed in this combined form or as a double- 

 furrow plow, the implement is remarkably light in draught, thus proving that it is 

 constructed on sound principles. The simplicity of the mechanism and plaiiniess of 

 the illustration render a detailed description unnecessary. The lever on the left hand 

 regulates the depth of the furrow-slice, and throws the implement out at the head- 

 land, by means of the land-wheel. The long lever to the leading furrow-wheel is for 

 steering, and the two handles form a third lever for adjusting the depth of the sub- 

 soiler. 



The upper figure represents the Messrs. Kansome, Sims & Head's 

 first prize plow at the Newcastle and Leicester meetings of the Eoyal 

 Agricultural Society, furnished with grubbers — the invention of Mr. Rob- 

 inson, a practical Middlesex farmer. " For deep plowing these plows were 

 never beaten, and as deep plowing is now the order of the day, and shal- 

 low plowing the exception, the implement may justly be termed 'the 

 champion plow of England.' It would take a ver j^ elaborate series of math - 

 ematical drawings to show how this plow turns the deep-furrow slice and 

 lays it in the manner it does, leaving a clear open furrow for the next 

 turn. We here allude to what the judges said in their report at Leices- 

 ter, and perhaps we should not be thanked were we thus to lay open the 

 grand secret in the manufacture. But be that as it may, tlie Smithfield 

 Club show is not the time for the solution of such a question. But 

 speaking generally, the wrought-iron beam, instead of being a single bar, 

 is made double at the lower end, where it embraces the body or frame 

 of the plow. By this construction the beam acquires a degree of stiff- 

 ness sufficient to obviate vibration, while it at the same time admits of 

 simpler fastenings for the coulter and steam coulter, thus further in- 

 creasing stiffness. It is a well-known fact that any spring or vibration 

 of the beam greatly increases draught. For a similar reason the handles 

 are braced by diagonal stays. By this formation of the beam and 

 handles, the greatest strength is obtained by the less weight of iron. 

 The plow is fitted with a lever neck by which more or less pitch is given 

 to the share. The two grubbers are not rigidly fixed, but have sufficient 

 play to admit of their going laterally when they come in contact with a 

 stone or any similar obstruction in the land, and to give them strength 

 the other way, they have each a drag-chain fixed in the body. Their 

 object is to break pan and gradually deepen the soil, and also to loosen 

 the soil below in plowing in manure with a shallow furrow. For this 

 latter purpose they are admirably adapted, for the manure laid thus 

 upon a loosened and properly aerated soil is in the best possible state 

 for thorough incorporation with the land ; whereas the manure, when 

 turned down into a hard or close bottom, is often more than half lost. 

 The following figure is a front view of the wheels on a larger scale. The 

 judges in their report of the Leicester trials of the Koyal Agricultural So- 

 ciety of 18G8, spoke in the highest terms of these wheels. They are con- 

 structed on the same principle as carriage wheels, the hubs being bored, 

 and the axles turned and capped so as effectually to keep out dirt, and 



