141 



vey the blood of the successive bulls used on the fauiiiy sii:ce the death of Mr. 

 Bates in 1850. It may further interest the uniuitiated breeder to know that after Mr. 

 Bates obtained the tribe in 1810, lie used Kettou second 710, (whose dam was by a 

 grandson of Favorite 252, out of a cow by J. Brown's Eed Bull:) then aj.'toe bull, 

 the Earl 646, bred from the Duchess tribe, who in his turn was succeedeil by three bulls, 

 of difterent strains, viz : Second Hubback l,4"i3, of the Ked Rose tribe ; Belvedere 1,700, 

 of the Princess tribe; and Norfolk '2,;^77, bred by Mr. Whitaker, from Nonpareil, with 

 the blood of North Star, Punch, and Hubback ; and these three bulls, be it remembered, 

 were all of Eobert Colling's best blood. The Cleveland Lad 8,407, (a bull with three 

 crosses,) now generally known as the Oxford cross, was introduced a few years before 

 Mr. Bates's death, and it is only this cross now that is admitted as jytire. Since the 

 tribe has been in America, some of the animals have been kept jxht, ami the blood of 

 the others has been intermingled with three different families, viz: t'ae Booth blood, 

 through Third Duke of Thorn<lale 17,749, and Third Duke of Airdrie '2",717 : the 

 Knightly blood, through Imperial Duke 18,083 ; and the Burghley or Romeo 13,619 

 blood, through Second Duke of Geneva 23,752. It. is considered that the Booth and the 

 Kuightley crosses are failures, because being very closely or strongly bred tribes, with 

 a fixed type, they disturbed the strong current of the Duchess blood ; but Romeo was 

 looked upon as being rather a loosely bred bull, so he therefore seems to have invig- 

 orated the tribe without disturbing their good qualities. Romeo was first used with 

 the Oxfords, and pioduced a very tiue cow, whose son, Oxford Lad 24,713, was the sire 

 of Third Duchess of Geneva, the dam of Secoiul Duke of Geneva 23,752. This strain 

 occurs also in Messrs. Leney's Seventh Duchess of Geneva, and Mr. Mcintosh's Third 

 Duke of Geneva 23,753, re-imjjorted and sold at Winslow in 1867. It may be possible 

 that this blood being introduced in an indirect and diluted form, was more beneficial 

 than the otiiers introduced more ilirectly. 



AGRICULTURE IX PORTUGAL. 



Portugal uow contains, as is estimated, a population of four millions, 

 distributed over twenty-two millions of acres. Not more tlian live mil- 

 lions of acres are under cultivation, and of these more than one-half is 

 devoted to cereals, Indian corn being the staple. Xext to the cereals, 

 olives and grapes are the leading agricultnral products. The grain crop 

 has been valued at $28, 750,000," the Avine crop at $10,000,000, the olive 

 crop at $2,500,000, and other fruits and vegetables at $9,000,000. The 

 annual value of all vegetable products is estimated at $"J0,OOO,000, and 

 animal products at $25,500,000, or a total annual value of agricultural 

 products of $115,000,000. Northern Portugal greatly surpassed the 

 other divisions in rural activity, wealth, and density of population. The 

 breeding and exportation of cattle are here upon the increase. Stall- 

 feeding is much })racticed. The lamous wine-growing district of the 

 Duoro, with Oporto as its central mart, is in this division. In South- 

 thern Portugal, v>here the soil is poor and the climate dry and hot, 

 oranges, lemons, and fruits of all kinds are grown for export. 



Farming in iSTorthern Portugal is conducted almost exclusively' on a 

 contracted scale. Farms of tifty acres are not common, tlie average 

 size being less than fifteen acres. Farming oi)erations are conducted 

 on a primitive scale. Plows dilfer very little from those in use by the 

 Romans; the smaller kind, the one most used, can easily be carried "by 

 a laborer. The harrow used is also of rude construction. The hoe is 

 indispensable. Root crops are but seldom grown, and potatoes are 

 almost unknown. Women work habitually in the fields from childhood. 

 Country life, heretofore much neglected, is becoming more attractive 

 and remunerative. . 



