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ventured to sow winter wheat, with tolerable success. This encouraged others 
so much that the whole crop of last year’s raising was used for seed last fall. 
The yield was from 15 to 20 bushels to the acre, and sold at from $2 50 to 
$3 per bushel. The kind raised was mostly the Red-bearded Flint.” In 
Livingston, where wheat is a staple, a somewhat more thorough culture obtains. 
Ninety-five per cent. of the seed is drilled ; the ploughing is from seven to ten 
inches deep; cultivating and harrowing carefully precede the drill, and the 
result is, wheat is the principal crop of the county. In Kings, the custom is 
to sow on the furrow with grass seed, and harrow twice. The best success is 
obtained in Madison after peas. A top dressing with lime, ashes and fine stable 
manure is applied when greensward is turned. One-third of the winter wheat 
is sown after spring grain, in Niagara. In Chautauqua, corn is followed by 
oats or barley, The stubble is ploughed in August, manured, and drilled with 
14 bushels of wheat to the acre. 
Our correspondent in Onondaga says: ‘‘ Wheat is here mostly sowed after 
barley or oats, though a clover sod is much preferred, with twice ploughing and 
sufficient harrowing, to very thoroughly pulverize the soil; and if about eight 
loads of well-rotted manure are added per acre, we can expect from 20 to 40 
bushels. Necessity has forced us to a better mode of culture, and more 
thorough tillage, but, as a whole, there is room still for improvement, though 
I am informed, by one who has spent this season abroad, that only portions of 
‘France and England are any better cultivated than our lands in this section of 
New York.” 
The use of the drill may be taken as an index of the thoroughness of cul- 
ture. Some counties report twice the amount of cultivating that is given in 
others, and the yield is correspondingly increased. Knough is shown to prove 
that the only reason fora product onty half that of English wheat-growing, 
and for most of the loss from insects, and for poor quality of flour, is careless, 
insufficient culture. 
The time of sowing winter wheat is variously given: commencing in 
Chautauqua, Steuben and Tioga, in August ; in nearly half the counties repor/ed, 
September 1st; in Albany, Westchester, Cortland, Wayne, Ulster, Dutchess, 
and others, 5th to 15th; Kings, October 1st—closing prior to September 20th 
and 25th, in most cases; in Livingston, Chautauqua, Dutchess, Fulton, and 
others, October 1st; in Queens, October 20th. The spring varieties are put 
in about the last of April or first of May—the period being extended in some 
cases to May 15th; in Jefferson, to May 20th. 
6. In the northern part of the State, the season for pasturage is but five and 
a half to six months. A few counties on the lakes and on Long island report 
seven months; the majority, six months. ‘The average varies little from six 
months for the entire State. Sheep will find good feed for a longer period than 
cattle. 
The prices of pasturage vary greatly. Among the rough and isolated por- 
tions of the northern wilderness, the price averages about one dollar per month ; 
in Livingston, Chenango, Cattaraugus, Genesee, Suffolk, Washington, and 
other counties, from six to eight dollars per season; in Tioga, Chautauqua, 
Albany, Ontario, Madison, Marion, Schenectady, Delaware, Monroe, and 
Otsego, eight to ten dollars; in Cortland, Wayne, Oneida, Schoharie, Dutch- 
ess, Fulton, Niagara, Jefferson, ten to fourteen dollars; in Herkimer, Onon- 
daga, and Seneca, fifieen dollars; in Queens, near New York city, on Long 
island, twenty-eight dollars, or four dollars per month. 
A great variety of grasses are named, common to most of the States in this 
latitude, prominent among which are redtop, white clover, and June grass. 
7. Western New York is more generally engaged in fruit culture than any 
similar area in any other portion of the country. A correspondent in Monroe 
county, claiming for that section unequalled facilities for transportation of fruits, 
