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4. A mixed husbandry prevails in Pennsylvania—wheat, corn, oats, hay and 
potatoes the leading crops. In Susquehanna, Bradford and other counties, 
grass is the chief crop grown, and the profits shown in the cattle, sheep, butter, 
and wool sent to market. Bradford promises soon to rival Orange county, New 
York, in the butter business. In the counties adjacent to Philadelphia market 
gardening, small fruits, &c., are specialties, increasing the value of the lands, 
and bringing in large returns to those engaged in the business. The wool crop 
is given prominence in Washington county, at the extreme western part of the 
State. Mixed husbandry appears to be most profitable through the interior 
and west, finding an excellent home market for the productions throughout the 
extensive mining and lumbering regions. As in other States the culture of 
sorghum has been almost entirely discontinued, though it has generally proved 
profitable. 
5. Mediterranean wheat has been generally preferred, as being less affected 
by the frost, and the fly and other insects, though within a few years the 
Tappahannock wheat has been cultivated with success in some sections, ripen- 
ing from one to two weeks earlier than other varieties, while in other localities 
it is pronounced a failure. Between the red and white Mediterranean wheat 
the former meets with most favor, as it withstands the ravages of the fly more 
certainly and uniformly yields better than most other varieties. In Lancaster 
they have an improvement upon the Mediterranean, called Lancaster wheat, 
which is in general use in this and adjoining counties, and valued for its early 
ripening qualities. Soule’s and Blue Stem are preferred in Tioga; in Cambria 
the Blue Stem; in Warren the White Flint. Some spring wheat is grown in 
the northwestern counties, but it is an uncertain crop and not profitable, and 
its cultivation is being abandoned. Time of sowing winter wheat varies in 
different localities from the last week in August to the first and second week in 
October, but the crop is principally in by the Jast of September. Harvesting 
extends through July, but the major portion of the grain crop is cut during 
the second and third week. In Greene county the rotation is corn on a sod, 
to be followed by oats, and then wheat, the land being ploughed once for 
each crop. Our Westmoreland reporter says: “Much of our grain culture is 
conducted in a very slovenly manner; the ground is ploughed three or four 
inches deep, sown broadcast, then harrowed and cross-harrowed—and that is 
the whole of it. There is not a scarifier, a sub-soil plough or a roller on one 
farm in a dozen in this county, nor one farm in a hundred that is either wholly 
or partially under-drained. We have a great deal to learn, but seem to be a 
perverse set of scholars. So long as our prolific soil yields a moderate return 
for our labor, we seem satisfied to jog along as our fathers did before us.’ In 
Tioga they generally sow wheat after barley, though some sow on sod ground. 
“Breaking sward ground in fall and sowing oats in spring, once ploughing after 
oat harvest, top-dressing with barn-yard manure, and then sown to wheat,” is 
coming into practice in Bradford and Columbia, and succeeds well. In Luzerne 
the ground is twice ploughed; summer fallowing, as formerly practiced, has been 
abandoned. Our Lycoming reporter says: ‘Our best farmers plough twice, 
harrow well, and, if the ground will admit, drill; but we have all kinds of bad 
farming, and this lowers the average yield to an annoying extent.” In Laneas- 
ter county “wheat usually follows oats—the oat stubble is heavily manured, the 
manure plonghed under and well harrowed, then ploughed or thoroughly shovel- 
ploughed, rolled or dragged previous to sowing the wheat. The grain is now 
almost universally drilled in, and since drilling has become general freezing out 
has been rare.” Throughout the State perhaps oue-half the wheat is drilled ; 
in some counties nearly the whole average is drilled, and the advantage of the 
system is generally recognized and is being rapidly adopted. 
6. White clover, ved clover, timothy, herd-grass, spear grass, and a species of 
blue grass—shorter than the Kentucky, but of a quality more relished by 
