437 
lar circumstances. The respirations rise to 35 and 40 per minute, are labored, 
audible, and each expiration is often associated with a short characteristic 
grunt. This grunt is especially marked if the sides of the chest or the spine 
are pressed, and many years ago Leroy showed that graziers regarded this asa . 
decisive symptom of the malady. A somewhat watery discharge from the nose, 
increased in the act of coughing, is noticed early in the disease, and driving 
sick cattle in the earliest stage produces much thirst, and there is a ropy saliva 
discharged from the mouth. The muzzle is hot and dry. 
Cattle suffering from this disease as it advances are readily identified by per- 
sons having seen a few cases. ‘They stand motionless, with protruding head, 
arched back, extended fore limbs, with elbows turned as far out as they canbe 
held, and the hind limbs drawn under them, with knuckling at the near hind or 
both hind fet locks. When lying, especially in the latter stages of the disease, 
they rest on their brisket or lie on the affected side, leaving the ribs on the 
healthy side of the chest as much freedom of motion as possible. 
As the disease advances the pulse gets more frequent and feeble, and the 
heart’s beats, which are at first subdued, become marked and palpitating, as in 
cases of poverty or anemia. The membranes of the eyes, mouth, and uvula are 
usually pallid, though the membrane of the nose is often red. The tongue is 
foul, covered with fur, and the exhaled breath has a nauseous and even fetid. 
odor. 
Listlessness, grunting, grinding of teeth, diminished secretions, weakness and’ 
emaciation, increase with the progress of the malady. The animals getting: 
weak, lie more. They sometimes show symptoms of jaundice, have a tendency 
to hove or tympanitis from gases accumulating in the paunch, and their gait is so- 
staggering that they appear to suffer from partial paralysis of the hind quarters.. 
As all these aggravated symptoms declare themselves the pulse gets weak and 
often rises to 120 per minute; the breathing gets more frequent and labored ; the 
animal gasps for breath. The spasmodic action of the nostrils is very marked, 
the grunt very audible, and there is a peculiar puckering of the angles of the: 
mouth. The temperature, which‘is elevated during the acute stage of the disease, 
is irregularly up and down, according to the complications of the disease, and. 
there is great tendency to coldness of the horns and extremities. Abortion is 
not an uncommon accident. The constipation which is a very common symptom: 
of the lung disease is apt to be followed by diarrhcea in the later stages, and this 
is also associated with a considerable discharge of clear-colored urine. 
Auscultation and percussion are valuable aids in the diagnosis of lung plague.. 
Most persons can with a little care distinguish the sick from healthy cattle by 
listening to the sides of the chest. It does not require a skilful expert to recog-. 
nize that the ribs are motionless and flattened over the consolidated lung, that 
there is an absence of resonance on striking the ribs over the affected region, and. 
that the ear distinguishes a very distinct respiratory murmur wherever the lung 
is pervious, and an absence of this sound where the lung is transformed into a. 
solid mass. 
At an early stage of pleuro-pneumonia there is a harsh sound, roar, or rhonchus. 
produced by the passage of air through the windpipe and its subdivisions. This. 
varies in intensity in different cases, as some animals have more exudation on 
the mucous surface of the air passage than others, and the leathery-looking: 
shreds of lymph adhering to the inflamed membrane vibrate as the air rushes. 
past them and give rise to the harsh sound which may sometimes be heard by per- 
sons standing by a sick animal. In many cases one lung alone is affected and: 
then the respiratory murmur is more distinct than in health, wherever the lung 
tissue is pervious, whereas there is a total absence of sound over the consolidated: 
organ. Occasionally an air passage remains open through a mass of hardened. 
lung, and the air rushing through this rigid bronchial tube makes a very decided 
whistling noise. 
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