36 MADEIRA. 



quent modifications for the sake of ornament. A minute tag of 

 the red Hning of the cap is turned up in front and behind with 

 great care, and no doubt is also a rudiment of some former 

 appendage of the head dress. There seems to be a curious 

 general tendency in the Atlantic islands, amongst the inhabi- 

 tants, to develop strange head dresses. The hoods of the 

 women of Azores have been described. Besides these, the 

 men wear, or wore, in some of the islands, a curious cap, in 

 which a pair of side flaps have been developed into a regular 

 pair of horns, projecting vertically above the head. 



I was told that Madeira wine is sometimes manufactured in 

 the island out of red wine, the colour being taken out with 

 animal charcoal. I knew that red wine was constantly made out 

 of white wine, but had not suspected the opposite manufacture. 



July 16th., 1873. — On our second visit to Madeira we were 

 unable to land owing to the prevalence of small pox on shore. 

 I visited a steamboat which came into the harbour for coals, 

 and which was running between the Bight of Benin and Liver- 

 pool. The whole ship was covered with cages full of grey 

 parrots; even in the forecastle, in the seamen's sleeping-place, 

 every available nook was full of parrots. The deck was covered 

 with various African monkeys, and there was a large wild 

 cat in a den, and some large snakes (Pythons) in a box. All 

 these animals were intended for sale in Liverpool. 



We left Madeira in the evening. The ship passed quickly 

 out of the lee of the land and into the trade wind, and was 

 soon driving along before it, dashing a sheet of foam from 

 under the bows. There was a splendid sunset. The sky was 

 lighted up with brilliant golden and red tints, behind and to 

 the west of the hazy blue mountains of Madeira, in front of 

 which floated here and there small filmy clouds. Beneath the 

 higher mountains were the green lower ranges, half lighted up 

 by the evening light, half in intense black shade. Lower down 

 again, on the shore, lay the glistening white town with its dark 

 black cliffs on either hand. 



As it grew darker, the lower ranges and details of the view 

 became gradually lost, and at last all that was to be seen was 

 the dark outline of the mountains against the sky, with the 

 twinkling lights of Funchal far below, and a few lights dotted 

 about on the hill-side above. At last we lost sight of the island 

 altogether and sped south before the breeze, not to return so 

 far north of the equator again for nearly two years, when we 

 reached Yeddo, in Japan, in nearly the same latitude. 



For a list of works and papers relating to the Zoology of Madeira, see 

 "Preussischc Expedition nach Ost-Asien." Zoologie, ites Kap. Madeira, 

 pp. 1-25. 



