Chap, xiii.] EXPRESSIONS OF THE EMOTIONS. 29 1 



times, is used by the mountaineers to express astonishment, 

 and also to express pain, as on striking the foot against a stone, 

 or even by a man when hit by a bullet, louder exclamation 

 being repressed through bravery. The sanies ound is used by 

 us in pain, but more often to express disappointment, as on 

 saying " What a pity ! " 



The audience at Nakello, when they shouted with laughter, 

 produced a general sound exactly like that proceeding from a 

 European audience. No doubt the sound of laughter is one 

 of the very earliest and oldest of human cries. It is certainly 

 an astonishing sound, and one that it is very difficult to listen 

 to and analyze without prejudice and a remote feeling of 

 sympathy. The best way to study it that I know, is to seize 

 on opportunities when one is being constantly interrupted, say 

 at one's club, in reading a serious book, by shouts of laughter 

 from a party of strangers ; one can then note the curious 

 variety of spasmodic sounds produced, and marvel that men 

 in the midst of rational conversation should be compelled by 

 necessity to break off suddenly their use of language, and find 

 relief and enjoyment in the utterance of perfectly inarticulate 

 and animal howls, like those of the " Long-armed Gibbon." 



It is a curious fact that the cries of the Gibbon are uttered 

 in a similar manner in a series, on slight provocation. When 

 one lately in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, was 

 in the proper mood, a very slight snatch of a whistle from 

 the keeper would set the animal off into the utterance of a 

 regular peal of howls, which appeared to follow one another 

 spasmcdically. 



Cicatrization of the skin is practised by the Fijians, but the 

 scars produced are not so much raised as are those of the men 

 of Api in the New Hebrides. I saw a series of circles thus 

 marked on one chief's arm ; he said they were done with a fire 

 stick, and on the occasion of the death of a relation, or out 

 of respect on the death of a chief In the women, scars 

 are sometimes made to enhance beauty. Young boys, when 

 troublesome, are sometimes caught by the old men, and have 

 their flesh gashed in various places to make them sore, and 

 keep them quiet for a time. The little finger is commonly 

 absent on the right hand, having been cut off as a ceremony. 



With regard to Fijian weapons, the annexed figure represents 

 a well-known wooden weapon, which consists of a slender 

 handle about a foot in length, and a heavy rounded knob cut 

 out of the same piece ; the knob is in fact the base of the tree 

 stem, from which the weapon is made. The weapon is one of 

 the commonest of those brought to Europe from Fiji, and 

 exhibited in museums. It is not a club, as it is usually called 



