OUTLOOK FOR IRON — KEMP. 297 



quoted by Mr. Eckel. Both calculations depart from the truth in 

 so far as mill cinder, blue billy, scrap iron, etc., enter into the prob- 

 lem, since no account has been made of them. Of course, there is 

 also a slight loss of iron in blast-furnace cinder. 



The great importance of the decline in yield is the vastly increased 

 amount of reserves which are thereby brought within the range of 

 mining. As the average may still further decline until it reaches, 

 say, 35 per cent, the reserves, as figures to be given later will show, 

 become enormous. Thirty-five per cent, however, is by no means an 

 unreasonable figure for the general yield of the Jurassic ores in the 

 Lorraine and Luxembourg districts, which so largely supply Belgian, 

 French, and German furnaces. The same statement will apply to 

 the Cleveland district in England. The great reserves of 35 per cent 

 ore in the Lake Superior district are, however, highly siliceous, 

 whereas the Jurassic ores are basic. In Silesia, in southeastern Ger- 

 many, even lower percentages are not esteemed beyond the possibili- 

 ties. Thirty-five per cent is therefore a not unreasonable figure to 

 consider, when a long look ahead is taken. On the other hand, in 

 comparing the yield of the ores in different lands, a distinction should 

 be made between exporting and smelting countries. Exporting coun- 

 tries necessarily must furnish high-grade ore, so as to meet freight 

 charges incident to long transportation. 



ESTIMATES OF RESERVES. 



Since 1905, several estimates of reserves have been made, of which 

 condensed summaries may be cited.^ The amounts are in millions of 

 long tons. 



1905. Tornebohm : 



Lake Superior 1, 000 



Alabama 60 



Elsewhere 40 



1,000 

 1907. E. C. Eckel: 



Lake Superior 1, 500-2,000 



Alabama red ore 1,000 



Alabama brown ore 75 



Georgia red ore 200 



Georgia brown ore 125 



Tennessee red ore 600 



Tennessee brown ore 225 



Virginia red ore 50 



Virginia brown ore 300 



4, 075-4, 575 

 Southern reserves for the remote future were estimated at 

 10,000 million tons. 



1 The figures as given for Tornebohm, Eckel and Butler-Blrkinhlne are cited from E. C. 

 Eckel, " Iron Ores," 341-351, 1914. 



