474 ANNUAL EEPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION^ 1916. 



Cooking was done out of doors, either in a secluded corner of the 

 court or on housetops ; several rooms have corner fireplaces. 



5. Circular rooms: These rooms are sometimes lookouts, but as 

 often dedicated to ceremonials. 



In addition to those mentioned above, there exist also inclosures 

 of various forms, especially where we have circular kivas set in the 

 midst of a mass of rectangular chambers. All types of rooms above 

 enumerated are not found in the excavated pueblo, but when present 

 they appear to reproduce essential features characteristic of cliff 

 dwellings. As a rule, all the different varieties are larger in the 

 open-air ruins than in the caves, where the protection of a natural 

 roof makes open, outdoor life more agreeable and convenient. 



Wooden beams of floors and rafters of roofs, very much decayed, 

 were found, especially in the rooms north of the large kiva. The 

 ends of well-preserved cedar floor logs of a basal room protruded 

 into one of the rooms north of kiva B. 



CEREMONIAL ROOMS, KIVAS. 



The well-known prescribed characteristic of cliff-house kivas — 

 depression wholly or partially underground — is preserved in the 

 pueblo by building rooms about their outer wall. The kiva floor is 

 not at a lower level than the floors of surrounding rooms, but the 

 walls of other rooms inclose the kiva, and thus sink it to all intents 

 below the surface. This condition, which occurs in some of the 

 kivas of the cliff dwellings, was universal at the Mummy Lake ruin.^ 



There were no windows in any of the kivas, and entrances were 

 by hatchways in the roof. The surface of a kiva roof was too small 

 for courts; the ceremonial dances probably took place within the 

 inclosure on the south side of the pueblo. The method of construc- 

 tion of all the kivas is alike; they were roofed the same way (fig. 4).^ 

 The central kiva is much larger than the remaining three, suggest- 

 ing the name " assembly kiva," it being possible that instead of serv- 

 ing as the ceremonial room of a single clan, it was the room of 

 a priest fraternity composed of several clans, or even an assembly 

 place of all the people of the pueblo, reflecting a more advanced 

 sociologic condition than in cliff houses and more like that found 

 among pueblos of the Rio Grande, where we have but two kivas for 

 the whole population. 



As shown on the accompanying ground plan (fig. 1), the three 

 small kivas are constructed on the same general plan as the kivas 

 of Spruce-tree House and Cliff Palace. All have six pilasters for 



1 The Hopi kiva is constructed underground because tradition declares tliat it sym- 

 bolically represents the underworld from which the ancients emerged into the present 

 world. This esoteric prescript was also religiously observed by cliff dwellers so rigidly 

 that when necessary the floor was excavated in solid rock. 



