ART OF EARTHWORK BUILDERS WILLOUGHBY. 497 



against the horn for a part of its distance. If we eliminate the long 

 horn we have remaining a disk with two arms and a central perfora- 

 tion, a form analogous to those occupying similar positions upon 

 either side of the serpent head shown in ^, plate 1. The grotesque 

 human head, ^, is another good illustration of the humor of these 

 Indians. The excellent representation of the upper portion of a bear 

 is illustrated in b. This is one of several taken from an altar of the 

 Turner group. Portions of these effigies were carefully painted in 

 red, brown, and pink pigment. Several birdlike objects which had 

 originally been painted were taken from this altar. One of these is 

 shown in d. 



TOBACCO PIPES. 



The remarkable collection of tobacco pipes obtained by Squier and 

 Davis from the altar of one of the tumuli of " Mound City " is too 

 well known to archeologists to be considered here. Mr. W. C. 

 Mills, of the Ohio Archseological and Historical Society, made a 

 similar find in 1915.^ 



One of the most elaborate pipes so far recovered is illustrated on 

 plate 10, a, h. This was taken from one of the altars of the Hope- 

 well group and represents the spoonbill resting on the back of a fish. 

 The cavity for the tobacco is in the bodyjaf the bird and the perfo- 

 ration for the passage of smoke extends through the body of the 

 fish, the outer opening being its mouth. This appears to be made 

 from a kind of claystone and is colored black by the confined smoke 

 of the altar fires. A front view of the bird's head and beak is shown 

 in k. The incised lines extending from the nostrils to the tip of the 

 beak should be compared with those represented in I, which is a 

 drawing of the head and beak of a roseate spoonbill. A portion of 

 the beak of the spoonbill carved in ivory is represented in m; this 

 was taken from an altar of the same mound as the pipe. 



Ivory was used to a considerable extent by the Ohio earthwork 

 builders. The source of at least a part of it was the fossil tusks of 

 the mammoth. 



In c we have one of the simpler forms of pipes of this culture area. 

 It is cut from a beautiful piece of green serpentine, and a large 

 pearl was probably set in the cavity near one end. The finely 

 formed pipe shown in d has the design e reversed upon the bowl. 



A very unusual pipe from the Liberty group of mounds, Ross 

 County, is illustrated in /, g. It is carved from a very compact 

 brown stone. The neck and part of the head have been broken off. 

 The opening to the bowl is through the mouth, and the smoke was 

 drawn through a perforation in the neck. 



1 See W. C. Mills, Exploration of the Tremper Mound in Scioto County, Ohio, Holmes 

 Anniversary Volume, pp. 334-358, pis. 1-5, Washington, 1916, 



