GEOGRAPHIC PROGRESS — KELTIE. 513 



return. One of the best known of these great ocean currents is the 

 Gulf Stream, about the regime of which popuLir ideas have had to 

 be considerably modified. As to the distribution of life in the ocean, 

 researches of the Challenger and other similar expeditions have dis- 

 closed thousands of new forms in all seas and at all depths of the 

 ocean. There does not seem to be any part of the open ocean so deep, 

 so dark, so still, or where the pressure is so great as to have effectually 

 raised a barrier to the invasion of life in some of its many forms. 

 Even in the greater depths many divisions of the animal kingdom are 

 represented. 



We have had revealed to us from these hidden depths great, broad 

 valleys, spacious plateaus, gently undulating ridges rising here and 

 there into mountains, whose peaks overtop the water in the shape of 

 the islands that stud the bosom of the sea, wdth here and there pre- 

 cipitous gorges covered with the debris of the myriads of animals 

 that have found a home and a grave in those waters during untold 

 years. 



I need hardly remind you that the many island groups which 

 stud the bosom of the spacious Pacific have, like Africa, been parted 

 among the powers of Europe, as well as the United States, with the 

 result that much has been done to add to our knowledge of the islands 

 and their vanishing peoples. 



The accompanying maps will show roughly by different shading 

 the progress which I have tried to outline in the exploration of the 

 globe during the half century. (Pis. 1 and 2.) 



The raising of the standard of geography during the last 30 years 

 and the increasingly rigid application of scientific method to geo- 

 graphical research and to the practical application of its results has 

 had considerable effect on the organization and equipment of ex- 

 ploring expeditions, and of the type of men selected to carry out 

 exploring work. So long as a great part of the world was very much 

 of a blank we welcomed any authentic information that could help 

 to fill it up, even though the explorer was a pioneer without any 

 special training. But now that the main features have been filled in 

 Avith varying degrees of accuracy we must insist that explorers shall 

 have a training adequate to the conduct of their work on scientific 

 lines. Dr. de Filippi's recent expedition to the Karakoram may be 

 taken as a model of what the expedition of the future should be, with 

 its ample staff of specialists in every department of science involved 

 in the wOrk the expedition had to accomplish, and its complete equip- 

 ment with the latest instruments necessary to give the most satis- 

 factory results. But this condition has been increasingly recognized 

 in recent years. 



