NATURAL WATERWAYS IN" THE UNITED STATES — HARTS. 573 



considerable open channel work. This dam, with the deepening in 

 the old channel as far down as Waterford, is estimated to cost 

 $5,186,064. About one-fifth of this work is now done. Commerce in 

 the last two years has declined, but this is ascribed to the uncer- 

 tainty of the effect of the new Erie Canal and the abandonment of 

 the river ice houses. The commerce in 1900 was 5,070,800 tons; 

 1905, 3,513,545 tons; 1910, 5,033,360 tons; and 1912, 3,045,136 tons, 

 valued at $172,107,996. 



Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek together form a water- 

 way 8| miles long, connecting Long Island Sound with Hudson River 

 along a line north of New York City. The deepening of this water- 

 way has resulted in a new channel which enables freight to be brought 

 by water to a very large manufacturing region in upper New York 

 City. Its commerce has increased very markedly of late years. Origi- 

 nally the channel was narrow and crooked and only 4 to 6 feet deep. 

 The project of 1878 provided for a channel 15 feet deep and 350 feet 

 wide, at an estimated cost of $2,100,000. The proposed width has 

 now been increased to 400 feet and the project has been further am- 

 plified from time to time and the estimate finally increased to 

 $3,500,000. Up to 1913 $1,683,000 had been spent and about 44 per 

 cent of the work done. Full depths are not yet available at Macomb's 

 Dam and near East Two Hundred and Tenth Street, but elsewhere 

 the project is practically done. 



Commerce in-;- 



1893 — 3,384,466 tons. 



1895 7,533,594 tons, valued at $203,707,376. 



1900 4,474,687 tons. 



1905 9,998,021 tons, valued at $270,210,309. 



1910 12,822,885 tons. 



1912 15,376,742 tons, valued at $742,503,048. 



This river may be said to have reached the third stage of develop- 

 ment, before mentioned, where the congested condition of traffic has 

 provided so much commerce that a large share necessarily falls to 

 the v/ater lines. Arthur Kill is another stream emptying into New 

 York Harbor of similar nature. Its commerce in 1912 amounted to 

 30,525,094 tons, valued at $515,437,656. 



Delaware River is 315 miles long, but the portion from Phila- 

 delphia to Delaware Bay, 101 miles, is the part most used for navi- 

 gation. In this lower portion the original depth of 17 feet has 

 been increased materially, and the width of the channel nearly 

 doubled. The first formal project, adopted in 1888, provided for a 

 depth of 26 feet from Philadelphia to Delaware Bay, and a width 

 of 600 feet. This project was completed in 1898. In 1899, it was 

 planned to secure a depth of 30 feet. In all, $10,176,000 has been 

 expended on this part of the river since 1834-on these two projects 



