DEVELOPMENT OF METEOROLOGY—ABBE. 295 
tions were selected, between Sebastopol and Lisbon, Christiania and 
St. Petersburg, for which they were to publish monthly tables of the 
individual daily readings of all meteorological elements, and to which 
they proposed to add every notice that could be obtained relative to 
the weather on those same dates for North America, East Indies, and 
other distant parts of the globe. Muncke remarks that this plan was 
rather gigantic, but it responded to the recognized fact that science 
was covering a broader field and that international works such as 
those on the measurements of degrees, observations of gravity, and 
voyages of discovery were already recognized as necessary. In fact, 
only in this way can meteorology attain to a solid basis, and it is 
necessary that the scientific public should be able to compare observa- 
tions made at widely distant places; for the works above mentioned 
by Brandes had already shown that the causes upon which depend 
the existence of the storms in western Europe must be sought for over 
the Atlantic Ocean. Muncke concludes by saying: “ Time will show 
whether the nations of Europe already so intimately related to each, 
other will by mutual business arrangements support such a meteor- 
ological union to the furthering of the general peace of the continent.” 
Since the days of the Palatine Society and its active secretary, Hem- 
mer, there never has been any doubt that a union of all the nations 
of the globe must be effected before we shall be able to do justice to 
the fundamental problems of meteorology and climatology. To this 
society and to Hemmer and Brandes, Germany owes her right to the 
claim of having taken the first steps toward the study of dynamic 
meteorology. 
Simultaneously with Brandes, but undoubtedly quite independent 
of his work, the leaders of American meteorology—Redfield in New 
York and Espy in Philadelphia—began a life-long series of studies, 
at first on the geometrical and afterwards on the kinetic relations of 
winds to storms, and of storms as a whole to the adjacent atmosphere. 
The United States Army Medical Corps, the United States Land 
Office, the regents of the University of New York and several States 
organized systems of reports to which the Smithsonian eventually 
succeeded. 
These organizations were primarily for the study of climate, but in 
1842 Espy was appointed “ Meteorologist to the United States Gov- 
ernment ” and with that date began our national organization of co- 
operation with him and the Smithsonian Institution in the study of 
American storms. Between the theoretical cyclonologists and those 
who adhered more closely to the records of observations active dis- 
cussion continued from 1820 until 1870, and prepared all thoughtful 
minds to receive the more correct views of the next generation of stu- 
dents based on the study of daily weather maps. 
41780—O8 25 
