INLAND WATERWAYS—CHISHOLM. 351 
iron, and I am informed by the London agent of the Intercontinental 
Railway Company that in the first nine months after the opening of 
this route 14,000 trucks and 60,000 passengers were conveyed by it; 
and since train ferries were first opened for traffic in Denmark, many 
new industries have been developed to a considerable extent, and 
heavy machinery, glassware, etc., which in former years were im- 
ported into Norway, Sweden, and Denmark from England, are now 
being sent from Germany on the ferry steamers. 
It is the balance of advantage determined by the two considerations 
mentioned, the economy of carriage on a large scale and that arising 
from the conveyance of goods as directly as possible from the place of 
crigin to their destination, that determines in many cases the mode of 
transport. It is the advantage of transport on a large scale that causes 
from 40 to 70 per cent of the pepper, 50 to 60 per cent of the rubber, 
and large proportions of a great many other articles imported into 
this country to be reexported as they arrive, that causes raw cotton 
(Egyptian) to be always one of the leading exports from this coun- 
try to the United States, and causes Belfast to export directly to for- 
elgn countries (or rather to one foreign country) a greater value of 
raw cotton than all British and Irish goods (including ships) put 
together. On the other hand, to illustrate the advantage of carrying 
goods as directly as possible from the place of origin to their des- 
tination, I may mention as a typical case that of a paper mill which 
I remember to have existed near an east coast fishing station, not im- 
portant enough to be entered in the tables of British ports, which 
got all its supplies of China clay and esparto in small schooners en- 
tering the fishing harbor after voyages lasting for weeks from Corn- 
wall and Algeria, respectively. The goods were thus brought within 
carting distance of a mill which could use the entire cargo. To take 
a case more immediately cognate to the subject under consideration, 
the same reason explains why so much English coal for domestic 
use is carried long distances by rail in comparatively small wagons. 
It is in that way, and probably in that way only, that convenient lots 
of the different qualities of coal required can be brought direct from 
the mines within easy carting distance of everybody’s coal cellar. 
Now let us apply these general considerations on the subject of 
transport to inland waterways and the geographical conditions affect- 
ing their utility. 
It will now be manifest that inland waterways are likely to be most 
effective in securing traflic— 
1. The greater their capacity. 
2. The greater the distance for which they permit of that economy 
in transport which is due to easier haulage or propulsion. 
