422 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1907. 
shelter in sheds built for them, but others merely pass the night 
under the trees. 
The cows have their first young at 3 years; when calving they 
always isolate themselves from the herd and keep their calves hidden 
for several days, during which time they are very dangerous. The 
calves are weaned at the age of 6 months. 
The cows are killed when they reach the age of 10 years and the 
bulls according to circumstances. * The bulls sometimes fight with 
each other. The herd also sometimes turns upon some individual and 
kills it or at least forces it to keep away; after a while such a one 
sometimes succeeds in regaining his place in the herd. 
Park of the Duke of Bedford, at Woburn Abbey.—The chateau 
of the Duke of Bedford, situated to the southeast of the city of Bed- 
ford, is surrounded on three sides by an interior park in which I 
noticed an inclosure where young ostriches were living and a large 
pond devoted exclusively to the raising of goldfish. This pond is sur- 
rounded by a horizontal grillage 1 meter broad to prevent the aquatic 
and struthious birds from interfering with the fish; they catch their 
feet in the network of the grillage and hasten to abandon such an 
uncomfortable place. . , 
The western front of the chateau looks out upon the large park, 
which covers a surface of 2,837 acres, extending around the grounds 
above mentioned. It comprises an undulating plain (1,464 acres), 
woods, heaths, and 50 acres of water distributed in twelve large 
ponds and many small ones. 
I arrived at Woburn unexpectedly. Her Grace the Duchess had 
not been able to group the animals in the park as she had intended 
to do for me; the time that I could afford for my visit was only 
sufficient for a rapid survey of a portion of the park, during a drive 
behind two beautiful horses, and yet the spectacle was such as but 
few persons have ever been permitted to behold. 
Leaving the chateau by the great north door, we immediately en- 
tered a vast, grassy plain upon which we saw great herds of rumi- 
nants which fled at our approach. I recognized there bands of deer 
of several species, lamas, zebus, yaks, etc. 
Proceeding in a northerly direction, we perceived, lying down in 
a valley, a herd of red deer at rest, in which I was able to count 150 
to 160 head. 
A little farther we came upon flocks of ostriches, emus, and rheas, 
and reached the region where certain species are confined in grassy 
paddocks of considerable extent and almost all provided with shel- 
ters. I found there some 30 Cape elands (7aurotragus oryx) im an 
inclosure of 44 acres; then some specimens of Cervus duvaucelii and 
Cervus eldii; banded gnus, camels, mouftlons, and argali sheep. In 
a corner of one of the inclosures a great bustard was sitting on her 
nest. 
