450 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1907. 
tebrates, leaving to Linné only the privilege of giving a name to the 
class. He recognized a group of lung-bearing animals distinguished 
by a heart with a single ventricle, including quadrupeds and serpents, 
and thus appreciated better than Linné the class which the latter 
named Amphibia. He likewise gave the anatomical characters, based 
on the heart, blood, and lungs, which Linné used for his classes.“ 
THE BEGINNINGS OF SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY. 
Systematic zoology is a vast subject, and any address devoted to it 
must necessarily be very partial. It need only be partial for such an 
assemblage of masters in zoology as I have the great honor to ad- 
dress, and I shall confine the present discourse to a review of some 
of the elements which have made systematic zoology what it now is. 
I will venture, too, to submit reasons why we may have to take a 
somewhat different view of the achievements of some men than did 
our early predecessors. If in doing so I may appear to be dogmatic, 
I entreat you in advance to insert all the “ifs” and “ I thinks ” and 
“perhaps” that you may deem to be necessary. For the present 
purpose, the work of two who exercised, each for a considerable time, 
a paramount influence on opinion and procedure deserves notice, 
especially because there has been much misapprehension respecting 
their benefits to natural science. The two were Carl Linné and Georges 
Cuvier; the one exercised dictatorship from the middle of the eight- 
eenth century till some time after its close; the other was almost 
“The “Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpentini Generis ”’ 
of Ray is very scarce, and the account of his views given in various works 
misleading; therefore his arrangement of the Animal Kingdom, so far as the 
Vertebrates are involved, is here reproduced (from p. 53): 
‘ ' Animalium Tabula generalis. 
Animalia sunt vel 
Sanguinea, edque vel 
Pulmone respirantia, corde ventriculis preedito, 
Duobus 
Vivipara [=Mammnatta Linn. | 
ee ; cetaceum genus. 
Terrestria, Quadrupedia, vel, ut Manati etiam complectantur, 
pilosa. Animalia hujus generis amphibia terrestribus 
annumeramus. 
Ovipara, Aves [=Aves Linn. | 
Unico, Quadrupedia vivipara & Serpentes. [=AmpPuHiBIA pp. Linn. ] 
Branchiisrespirantia, Pisces sanguinei preeter Cetaceos omnes. [Pisces and 
AMPHIBIA NANTES Linn. | 
Exanguia. [=INVERTEBRATA] 
The arrangement of the Invertebrates is not better (nor worse) than that of 
Linné; that of the Vertebrates is better. Furthermore, Ray segregated the 
Vertebrates (as Sanguinea) from the Invertebrates (Hxanguia), which wise 
arrangement Linné did not adopt. 
, 
