466 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1907, 
parts to a center or an axis;“ some under groups supposed to corre- 
spond with different systems of the body, as the alimentary, the vas- 
cular, the respiratory, the skeletal and the muscular,? and some would 
accord to each of the senses definite groups.° - 
Equally, if not more extravagant, views were entertained by many 
naturalists that creative power delighted in the symmetry of num- 
bers and in circular arrangements.’ It was contended that all groups 
of animals represented analogous groups in successively diminishing 
circles; that in a perfect system there were a definite number of sub- 
kingdoms, an equal number of classes in each subkingdom, of orders 
in each class, of suborders, of families, of genera, of subgenera, etc. 
Some maintained that three was the regnant number, others upheld 
four, others seven, but the most numerous and influential school con- 
“ Blainville (1816) proposed to divide the animal kingdom into three sub- 
kingdoms: (1) The Artiomorphes, having a bilateral form, (2) the Actino- 
morphes, having a radiate form, and (3) the Heteromorphes (mainly sponges 
and protozoans), having an irregular form. | 
’Oken (1802-1847) gave expression to his varying views in several differing 
classifications. In one scheme (El. Physiophilosophy, 1847, 511 et seq.) he 
claimed that there were five “circles” corresponding with the “animal sys- 
tems: ” (1) Intestinal animals (Protozoa and Radiates) ; (2) Vascular, sexual 
animals (Mollusks); (8) Respiratory, cutaneous animals (Articulates); (4) 
Sarcose animals (Vertebrates except mammals), and (5) Aistheseozoa, or ani- 
mals ‘“‘with all * * * organs of sense perfectly developed ’”’ (mammals). 
€ Oken maintained (1802-1847) “ that the animal classes are virtually nothing 
else than a representation Of the sense organs, and that they must be arranged 
in accordance with them. Thus, strictly speaking, there are only five animal 
classes: Dermatozoa (skin or touch animals), or the Invertebrata; Glossozoa 
(tongue animals), or the fishes * * *; Rhinozoa (nose animals), or the 
reptiles * * *; Otozoa (ear animals), or the birds; Ophthalmozoa (eye 
animals), or the Thricozoa (mammals) * * *, But since all vegetative 
systems are subordinate to the tegument or general sense of feeling, the Der- 
matozoa divide into just aS many or corresponding divisions, which on account 
of the quantity of their contents, may be for the sake of convenience also 
termed classes.”—Oken, El. Physiophilosophy, 1847, p. xi. For the many other 
assumptions on similar and divergent lines the reader must refer to the “ Dle- 
ments of Physiophilosophy ” (1847). 
@The style of argumentation used by the number-philosophers had long before 
been employed by Sizzi, a contemporary and antagonist of Galileo, who proved, 
to his own satisfaction, that there could be no more than seven planets. The 
inconsequentiality is remarkable. ‘‘ There are seven windows given to animals 
in the domicile of the head, through which the air is admitted to the tabernacle 
of the body, to enlighten, to warm, and to nourish it; which windows are the 
principal parts of the microcosm, or little world—two nostrils, two eyes, two 
ears, and one mouth. So in the heavens, as in a macrocosm, or great world, 
there are two favorable stars, Jupiter and Venus; two unpropitious, Mars and 
Saturn; two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon; and Mercury alone, undecided 
and indifferent. From which, and from many other phenomena of nature, such 
as the seven metals, ete., which it were tedious to enumerate, we gather that 
the number of planets is necessarily seven.’ More follows of like tenor. 
