502 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1907, 
way parts of Morocco. The inhabitants of this country are not Arabs, 
as investigators once thought, and as superficial observers still 
imagine, but almost exclusively Berbers. The question as to whether 
the Berbers in a prehistoric age migrated from western Asia or 
Kurope to their present territory has been much debated. The weight 
of evidence is first on one side and then on the other, but research 
seems rather to incline toward the European theory. The recent ex- 
pression of opinion of Bertholon, the French physician and anthro- 
pologist, based on investigations of the prehistoric antiquities of 
northern Africa, is on the side of a migration from Europe. Bertholon 
says that the builders of the megalithic monuments (Dolmen, Menhir) 
of Tunis and east Algeria are of the same race that left behind simi- 
lar monuments in Europe. The striking resemblance also of certain 
implements has indicated a relationship of the Berbers and the 
Basques. This is also considered probable for linguistic reasons. 
The prominent French north African investigator, Charles Tissot, 
declares himself in favor of the migration from Europe, because 
the blond type of Berber is most frequent south of the Straits of 
Gibralter and becomes less frequent toward the east. The period 
of migration must be set at about 1500 B.C., since the monuments 
of the nineteenth dynasty in Egypt already represented the Libyans 
as a blond and blue-eyed people. 
The Berber tribes of Juala and Uled Hannech in Algeria, the 
Krumir of north Tunis and the Shaamba of the Algerian Sahara 
even to this day erect sepulchers which resemble the megalithic tombs. 
The so-called “grave of the Christian woman” (tombeau de la 
chrétienne), really the grave of a Berber princess, west of Algiers, 
which is so much visited by travelers in Algeria, and the so-called 
Medracen, the grave of a Berber prince (Massinissa?), between Con- 
stantine and the Aures Mountains, in a country at present an absolute 
desert, are nothing more than finished forms of these megalithic 
tombs. The tent dwellers of Tunis even to-day use the same types 
of clay vessels as those found in the megalithic grave chambers. In 
other respects also the European influence in ancient times may be 
recognized. Certain peculiarities in the physical type of the Berbers 
may likewise be traced far back. With these peculiarities as a test 
the ancient Numidians are to be differentiated as true Berbers from 
the Libyans, the Afri, whose name is still borne by the continent, 
from the Maxyes, and from the Gitulians of the southwestern Atlas 
region. These tribal divisions have persisted even to the guest 
day and often have proved to be fatal to them. 
Many of the tribes named by Ptolemy are recognizable to-day in 
Morocco. In the Mazikes we recognize the Masig, the tribal name 
which the Berbers of northwest Morocco use. His Autololes are the 
Ait Hilala, his Macenites the Miknassa, his Bacuatae the Berguata, 
