506 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1907. 
are the only places where Berber is still spoken, and this is because of 
their isolated location. 
Those peasants whom visitors to Tangier see in the markets and 
think are “Arabs” are absolutely pure Berbers. If one of them was 
dressed like a German peasant no one would doubt but that he was 
really what he seemed. The inhabitants of the city of Tangier itself 
are naturally also very much mixed with the Berber element. The 
tribes that inhabit the country back from the coast cities of Morocco, 
which has been so much discussed of late, are all more or less pure 
Berbers and in some degree are seminomads. ‘This is also true of the 
Shauia around Casablanca, the Dukkala around Masagan, the Shedma 
around Mogador, the Semmur and Zair around Rabat, the Beni 
Ahsen on the lower Sebu, and farther in the mountains the Zaian, 
Geruan, Beni Mgild, Beni Mtir, the Beni Uarain, whom De Segonzac 
calls the ugliest of all the Berbers, the Ait Yussi, and others; in fact, 
every tribe with whom the French will next have to deal are Berbers. 
Some of these tribes climb high and penetrate into the mountains in 
the summer time with their herds and are very active and difficult 
to control. They are able to elude every superior force, as the Sul- 
tan’s armies have so often discovered, and can inflict the severest 
losses on their enemies by enticing them into ambuscades. 
In Algeria the French have contributed enormously to the adoption 
of the Arab tongue by the Berbers, because they have for decades 
considered all the natives as Arabs and have forced Mohammedan 
government, law, and customs and therefore the Arab language upon 
them. Yet, in 1859, Hanoteau, a profound student of the Berbers, 
estimated the number of the Berbers in Algeria to be 850,000, the 
great majority of the native population, while he reckoned the Arabs 
at only one-sixth this number. 
The Marquis de Segonzac, another ethnological authority, says 
there are no longer any pure Arabs anywhere in Morocco. 
The Berbers physically are an extraordinarily powerful and sturdy 
race, slender, muscular, somewhat above the average height, but 
with no tendency toward fat, which is considered becoming only 
among the young girls of a few tribes. Their endurance of bodily 
exertion and privation is wonderful, but above all they excel in walk- 
ing and running. The Berber couriers who carry the German mail 
in Morocco cover an incredible distance, as much as 120 kilometers in 
twenty-four hours. When my attendants traveled 40 to 45 Ikilo- 
meters on a stretch they showed not a trace of fatigue. They all 
love exercise. Unlike the indolent Arabs, they are very fond of play- 
ing ball, and have everywhere, as in our country, clubs for shooting, 
fencing, and the like. 
The warlike tendency gives rise also to standing feuds among the 
different tribes. These feuds were formerly purposely encouraged 
