PREHISTORIC JAPAN. 
By Dr. E. Bartz, 
1876-1902, Professor, Imperial Japanese University of Tokyo. 
As an introduction to the subject of this paper, which concerns the 
history of primitive Japan as developed from archeological finds, it 
seems proper briefly to review the types of men now living there and 
to sketch their origin. 
At the outset we may safely affirm that all the race types of which 
we find remains or traces are represented among the Japanese people 
of to-day. It is a fact that within the last 2,000 years no conquering 
peoples have invaded the borders of Japan. Even earlier than that 
it is probable that only very few large and powerful influxes occurred 
at any time on account of the position of the country in the midst 
of a sea where storms and currents prevail. Since the beginning of 
our records immigration has come solely from the neighboring coun- 
tries, China and Korea, and for more than a thousand years even this 
has been too insignificant to be worthy of consideration. 
In previous addresses before the German Anthropological Congress 
in 1885 and five years ago before this society I have considered the 
eastern Asiatic race peculiarities in detail and have distinguished in 
Japan three essential elements: First, the north or true Mongolian 
type; second, the south Mongolian or Malayan type, and third, the 
Aino type, which is at present becoming less and less frequent. The 
Ainos were the original inhabitants, but for practical reasons I shall 
consider them last. 
It is hardly possible to draw a sharp line between the Malayan and 
Mongolian types, as the transition from one to the other all over east- 
ern Asia is so gradual that every attempt to make an exact division 
has failed. For example, we find in Japan, Korea, and China a large 
number of people who might be termed pure Malays, and, on the 
@Translated, by permission, from Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, Berlin, 1907, 
part 3, pages 281-310. Read at the meeting of the Anthropological Society of 
Berlin, May 19, 1906. 
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