528 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1907. 
tenable from his wide experience. Professor Koganei, of the Uni- 
versity of Tokyo, rejects it on anatomical grounds. On the other 
hand, Professor Tsuboi gives a long list of reasons that make it prob- 
able to him that the stone age and shell heap deposits originated from 
a people different from the Aino. 
Most of Tsuboi’s arguments are hardly convincing, but it is indeed 
a noticeable fact that the clay statues of that period do not have 
distinctly Aino-like features and generally have no beard. Tsuboi 
formerly held that none of them have beards, but recently has ad- 
mitted that there are exceptions. He holds to the idea that a people 
resembling the Eskimos were the makers of these relics, and goes on 
to mention objects common to the stone-age people and the Eskimos, 
such as snow spectacles, clay vessels (the present Ainos in Yezo 
make no pottery), and various unimportant details like form of dress. 
But according to their own traditions the Ainos did make pottery 
at an earlier period and we find to-day among the Kurile Ainos the 
same sort of clay ware as the stone-age people made. Furthermore, 
clothing, the manner of hair dressing and head ornaments may have 
changed both among the Ainos and the Eskimos in the course of 
time. The conception of the rings around the eyes as indicating snow 
spectacles seems to me rather farfetched. Neither do the clay fig- 
ures have such heavy clothing as must be expected if the stone-age 
people of Japan had lived in a climate like that of the present Eski- 
mos. However, I hold to the idea that the Ainos were the makers of 
these stone-age remains with less certainty than do Koganei and 
Batchelor, on account of the type of face on the clay figures and the 
frequent lack of the full beard. Nevertheless these authors have by 
far the greater probability on their side. 
Even if Tsuboi were correct in saying that the stone-age men were 
a people with little beard and far removed from the Ainos—in fact, if 
they were truly Eskimos—this would not exclude them from relation- 
ship with the present Japanese, for, in spite of their dolichocephalic 
skulls, the Eskimos stand very close to the north Mongolians. 
So much for the race elements entering into the question. 
As in most other countries, there are in Japan cave dwellings, 
sometimes single, sometimes in groups, but the archeological finds in 
these, as a rule, amount to nothing. The caves are almost all arti- 
ficial and consist sometimes of a single low room of irregular shape 
entered through a hole, and sometimes of several communicating 
chambers at different levels. A cave of 15 square meters floor surface 
is about the limit in size. The people often call them “ devils’ caves.” 
I have myself seen some such caves near Tokyo and have found noth- 
ing in them. At one place in the province of Kodzuke north of Tokyo 
there is a large hill honeycombed with these caves, which Professor 
Tsuboi has described in detail, but here also, all evidence is lacking as 
