PREHISTORIC JAPAN—BAELZ. 535 
monkeys. Among the monkeys Professor Morse has recognized a 
Kynopithecus besides the Macacus found in Japan to-day. 
Human bones are found in the shape of fragments of tubular bones, 
such as the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula. Some- 
times they are in a condition which points to cannibalism. Only in- 
complete fragments of cranial and face bones have been discovered.* 
The tibia are very flat, and in this respect the people of the shell-heap 
period closely resemble the Aino. 
The shells of mollusks are naturally found in large quantities. 
Sixty species have already been determined, which, as might be ex- 
pected, are distributed in varying numbers in different places. In 
this connection Morse’s observation, that the mollusk fauna of Tokyo 
Bay has undergone a decided change since the building of the shell 
heaps, is of especial interest, as it indicates that these are very old. 
Professor Milne is bold enough to name a definite age—three thousand 
years. But it must not be forgotten that the bay of Tokyo has 
changed very much. The whole eastern coast of Japan in that 
vicinity is slowly rising. A large part of the area of the present 
city of Tokyo lay under water a thousand years ago, and the hill of 
Ueno, with its celebrated city park, was an island five hundred years 
ago. The great inflowing rivers have partly filled up the bay at the 
north end where the shell heaps examined by Morse lay. Therefore 
it is quite possible that the smaller percentage of salt in the water 
and other conditions altered the form, size, and frequency of the 
conchylia within a comparatively short period of time. 
While the remains of the stone age lie scattered promiscuously 
around in shell heaps, and while no regular graves of that period 
are known, it is different in the metal age. This period may be 
divided into two parts, a bronze and an iron age (there has been 
no distinct copper age in Japan), but while in other countries we 
often find transitions from stone to bronze and from bronze to iron, 
the deposits of these three periods in Japan lie unmixed side by side, 
or one lies on top of the other. 
That the people of the metal period were different from those of 
the stone age is evidenced by this lack of transition and by the dis- 
tribution of the metal finds. These cease to the northward of Tokyo 
somewhat beyond the Kwanto Plain just where the region of the 
Aino began in historic times, and where the stone weapons and the 
corresponding pottery reached their highest development. 
“Since the above has been written Doctor Munro, of Yokohama, the distin- 
guished archeologist, has succeeded in exhuming six skulls of the stone age 
which in my opinion leave no doubt that the stone-age people were really 
Ainos.—E. B. 
41780—08 38 
