PREHISTORIC JAPAN—BAELZ. 545 
cases in Japan, an imitation of a Chinese custom, since a substitution 
of stone figures for human sacrifices is mentioned there much earlier. 
These * Haniwa nigyo ” or Tsutshi-nigyo, sometimes 60 em. in height, 
are of value because they show the dress and armor and the orna- 
ments of that period. They are also interesting in that they have the 
features which distinguish in Japan the refined north Mongolian type, 
of graceful, slender build, aquiline nose, and narrow slanting eyes, 
in strong contrast to the stone-age figures previously mentioned. 
The horses formerly sacrificed at the tombs were also replaced by 
clay horses. 
The distribution of the dolmens is interesting and at the same time 
gives an idea of the political and social state of affairs at that time. 
A glance at the map shows that geographically Japan is divided into 
two almost equal parts, 
a western half (some- 
what south, to be sure), 
which includes a part of 
the main island and the 
great islands Kiuschiu 
and Skikoku, and an- 
other half running al- 
most north and south, 
which is made up of the 
larger part of the main 
island and of Jezo. 
The two parts are joined 
almost at right angles 
by a broad isthmus at 
136-137° longitude east 
of Greenwich and 34— _ F'¢. 12.—Clay horse from the grave mound of a prince 
Oe ariheri latitude. of the iron-age Dolmen period. 
This isthmus forms an important ethnical and civilizational bound- 
ary. The bronze culture is absolutely and the iron culture nearly 
confined to the country west of the isthmus. Northward of it is the 
main region of neolithic culture; only here are found the well-finished 
stone weapons and neolithic human clay figures in any quantity. In 
this large northern territory we find, however, one well-circumscribed 
oasis of iron-age culture with dolmens—the fertile plain around 
Tokio with the surrounding mountainous country. 
Besides this isolated group in the north, we can distinguish five 
other centers for the dolmens, two of which lie in the great southern 
island of Kiushiu. The smaller one is near the Pacific, in the province 
of Hiuga, where the grandfather of the first Emperor is supposed 
to have come down from heaven and whence he is said to have started 
on his victorious march. This took him first to the north of the 
