556 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1907. 
An ivory blade found by Mr. Petrie shows a bearded prisoner stand 
ing, over whom is written Setet, the land of the cataracts, which, as 
we have seen it, is one of the countries inhabited by the Anu. 
Several Egyptologists have admitted that the Anu were foreign 
invaders who had been repelled by the Egyptians. On the contrary, 
I conclude, from what has been discovered lately, that they were the 
native stock occupying the valley of the Nile, and that they had been 
conquered by invaders, who very soon amalgamated so completely 
with their subjects that they formed one single people. 
The aboriginal stock, as we saw, had carried the civilization to 
a certain point. But it is clear that before the historical times, at an 
epoch which we can not fix, a foreign element entered the valley of 
the Nile, subdued the Anu, taught them a culture which was unknown 
before, and created the Egyptian Empire. 
With this invasion appears the hieroglyphical writing, which seems 
to have been unknown to the native stock. This writing has such 
an absolutely Egyptian character that it must have originated, or 
rather developed, in the country itself. We do not know any written 
monument which we may trace to the African dwellers of the coun- 
try. On the slates and cylinders which are later than the conquest, 
and which are the oldest written remains which have been preserved, 
we find signs with an archaic character, but which lasted through 
the whole time when hieroglyphical writing existed. 
Let us first consider how the conquerors designated their kings. It 
was done in a peculiar manner, in a shape which is always the same. 
At the top of the group is a bird, usually said to be a hawk, but which 
M. Loret has recognized to be the peregrine falcon. The bird stands 
on an oblong rectangle, often called a banner, at the lower part of 
which is a drawing showing the facade of a funeral chapel, the door- 
way giving access to the a, viz, the double of the deceased. Above 
the drawing and below the bird are a few signs which, whenever we 
understand them, give us an epithet, a qualification of the king. 
Therefore, it is not his name, it is his first title, the first part of the 
complicated protocol, which will develop into a sentence, and which 
forms the royal name of the Pharaohs. 
Thus, every king is a hawk, or, as we said, a falcon, the bird which 
is the symbol of the god Horus, and by which his name was written 
throughout the Egyptian history from its earhest beginnings to the 
time of the Romans. The king is the god Horus. This name leads us 
to Arabia, where the falcon is called horv7.« This is the country where 
we have to look for the starting point of the race which conquered 
Egypt. If we consult the Egyptian inscriptions, we shall find that, 
on both sides of the Red Sea, in Arabia as well as in Africa, there 
4 VLoret, Horus-le-Faucon, p. 20. 
