558 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1907. 
The Arabian origin of the Egyptian population is adopted by 
several scholars, but opinions differ as to the way they followed in 
their invasion. I said before that the opinion of Lepsius, who sup- 
posed them to have come through the isthmus of Suez, is now aban- 
doned. Professor Petrie thinks that they came through the harbor 
of Kosseir, and that, after having followed the valley of Hamamat, 
they reached the region where is now the city of Keneh, and where 
was the old Egyptian city of Coptos. But if we study the traditions 
of the Egyptians, which are to a certain degree confirmed by the 
Greek writers, we come to the conclusion that the conquerors must 
have crossed the Red Sea farther south than Kosseir, perhaps in the 
region where is now Massowah, and that they stopped some time in 
the valley of the Nile, in the Sudan, before they came down and set- 
tled below the cataracts. 
This has been translated by Diodorus in this way: The Greek 
writer says, “ That the Ethiopians assert that Egypt is one of their 
colonies; there are striking likenesses between the laws and the cus- 
toms of both lands; the kings wear the same dress and the ureeus 
adorns their diadem.” In this case we must give the name of Ethio- 
plans another sense than in the quotation from Juba. It does not 
mean negroes, but the African population called the Anu of Nubia. 
If we consult Egyptian inscriptions, we find that, without any 
exception, the south always comes first. The north is never spoken 
of as an ancient resort from which the population should have issued. 
The south has always the preeminence over the north. The kings 
of the south are mentioned before those of the north; the usual 
name for king properly means “King of the South.” In his 
orientation, when he fixes his cardinal points, the Egyptian turns 
toward the south, so that the west is with him the right side. That 
does not mean that he is marching toward the south. In the myth- 
ological inscriptions we read that Horus first resided in the south, 
and coming down the river, conquered the country as far as the sea. 
The Egyptian looks toward the direction whence his god originally 
came. This direction is at the same time that of the Nile, of another 
form of the god who gives him life, and allows him to exist. The 
mythological narrative of the conquest of Kgypt by the god Horus 
is of the time of the Ptolemies. The enemies of the god take the 
forms of animals, and are led by Set. Horus conquers the land for 
his father, Harmachis, who is the king. “ In the year 363,” says the 
text, ‘‘ His Majesty was in Nubia, and his numberless soldiers with 
him.” Horus is the general who leads the soldiers, while his father 
remains in his boat. Battles are fought in various places along the 
river; all of the episodes of the struggle are recorded by the names 
given to localities, to temples or to religious objects such as sacred 
boats. The last encounter takes place on the northern boundary of 
