EXPLOSIVES—O ’HERN. 
balls carried varies from about 
300 in a 3-inch field-gun shrap- 
nel to about 1,100 in a 6-inch 
howitzer shrapnel. Each of 
these balls has sufficient energy 
to disable a man or a horse up 
to 100 yards or more beyond 
the point of burst of the shrap- 
nel. This type of projectile 
was invented about the year 
1800 by a British officer, Col. 
Shrapnel, hence its name. The 
rapid rotation of the projectile 
in flight causes the balls to 
spread in a rather uniform 
manner, thus covering with con- 
siderable regularity a given area 
beyond the point of burst. In 
firing, an effort is made to se- 
cure a height of burst which 
wil give a ball density of about 
one ball per square yard on the 
surface of the ground, this being 
sufficient to insure the escape 
of no-one within the beaten 
zone unless protected by suffi- 
cient cover. A shrapnel of the 
type manufactured for use in 
the United States Army is 
shown in the illustration here- 
with (fig. 4). In order to render 
the pomt of burst more clearly 
visible to the firing battery 
and thus permit adjustment of 
range, the shrapnel balls are 
embedded in a matrix of mate- 
rial which gives a cloud of dense 
black or white smoke at the 
pomt of burst. The materials 
in common use for this purpose 
are resin, mononitronaphthalene 
and ee naphthalene. The car- 
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263 
Fig. 5.—Cartridge case. 
tridge case used to carry the apelin chat of smokeless povidist 
is shown in figure 5. 
