CLIMATES OF GEOLOGIC TIME—SCHUCHERT. 285 
Arctic Norway.—As long ago as 1891, Dr. Reusch described unmis- 
takable tillites in the Gaisa formation in latitude 70° N. along the 
Varanger Fiord of arctic Norway. Similar deposits are also known 
farther east on Kildin Island, and on Kanin Peninsula at Pae. (Ram- 
say, 1910.) At first the age of these deposits was thought to be late 
Paleozoic and even Triassic, but the Swedish geologists now correlate 
the Gaisa with the Sparagmite formation, one of the members of the 
Seve series. As the latter is overlain by the Lower Cambric fauna, 
it appears best to refer the Gaisa formation to the top of the Pro- 
terozoic series. The tillite occurs at the very base of the Gaisa for- 
mation and overlies the ancient and eroded granites. Strahan 
reinvestigated the area originally studied by Reusch and his descrip- 
tion of the geologic phenomena must convince anyone not only that 
here are intercalated thin zones of sandstone and tillite in a series of 
red shales (these may indicate warmer and arid interglacial climates), 
but as well that the tillite rests upon a striated sandstone, the very 
ground over which the glacier moved. Strahan further states that 
“the Gaisa Beds, so far as I saw them, do not suggest the immediate 
neighborhood of a mountain region, for such conglomerates as they 
contain are neither coarse nor plentiful” (1897:145). Again we 
have the evidence of tillites formed on low grounds and not in the 
mountains. 
UNDATED PROTEROZOIC GLACIATION. 
The following occurrences of tillites do not appear to be of latest 
Proterozoic time, as do those of Australia and Norway. They are 
therefore held apart under a separate heading from the tillites of 
earliest and latest Proterozoic time. 
North America.—Prof. Coleman states. that ‘‘Dr. Bell reports 
bowlders reaching diameters of 3 feet 8 inches, having grooves like 
glacial striz, in a conglomerate with sandy matrix belonging to the 
Keweenawan of Pointe aux Mines, near the southeast end of Lake 
Superior. Messrs. Lane and Seaman describe a Lower Keweenawan 
conglomerate as containing ‘a wide variety of pebbles and large 
bowlders, in structure at times suggestive of till,’ from the south 
shore of Lake Superior” (1908). 
India.—In peninsular India occurs the Kadapah system, which, 
according to Vredenburg, is made up of several series separated from 
one another by unconformities. The Lower Kadapah is of Protero- 
zoic age and the Upper Kadapah is certainly older than the Siluric 
and probably even than the Cambric. In the Upper Kadapah occur 
“remarkable conglomerates or rather bowlder beds consisting of peb- 
bles of various sizes, some of them very large, scattered through a 
fine-grained slaty or shaly matrix. * * * These peculiar bowlder 
beds are regarded as glacial in origin”’ (1907). 
