KLONDIKE AND YUKON GOLDFIELD—CADELL. ais 
ones, hitherto, however, with indifferent success. The long-continued 
operations of nature before the advent of man have been needed to 
concentrate these scattered grains into sufficient quantities to be 
profitable for his use. 
The various methods of gold recovery in the Klondike district 
may be generally classified under three main heads into the following 
seven subdivisions: 
A. By individual men: 
(1) Washing surface gravels with shovel and pan. 
(2) Sluicing gravel with flumes and sluice boxes. 
B. Small parties: 
(3) Working drift with mechanical scraper and sluices. 
(4) Drift mining in shafts and sluicing. 
C. Capitalists: 
(5) Dredging with powerful mechanical plant. 
(6) Hydraulic sluicing with monitors. 
(7) Mining and stamping ore in mills. 
The first class (A) includes the so-called ‘‘poor men’s diggings,”’ as 
all the plant that is required are a few tools and wood to make 
‘ ta 
Fia. 3.— Generalized section showing distribution of auriferous gravels at Klondike. A, Klondike schists; 
B,stream gravels; C,peat or ‘‘muck”’; D, terrace gravels; E, white channel gravels of old valley; F, 
high-level gravels; G, G, G, profile of old valley bed. 
cradles or sluice boxes and flumes to convey the water required to 
wash the gravel. The second class (B) requires more financial 
resources and also more mechanical ability, but a man who has begun 
from zero may, if successful, quite well gain enough money and expe- 
rience to enter class B and employ other men or work in company 
with a party on the cooperative system. Both A and B, however, 
require fairly rich ground to work upon. But between B and C 
there is a wide gap, and only men such as Mr. J. W. Boyle, with excep- 
tional ability and command of ample capital, can hope to pass from 
B to C and work the low-grade placer gravels or quartz veins suc- 
cessfully. The poor men without education who suddenly realized 
fortunes, but had not the brains to use their money rightly, were not 
qualified to pass into the last class even though they had the capital 
to begin with. The survivors, the men with both the mental and 
material resources, are now left almost alone on the field, and it is to 
them that the future of Klondike belongs. 
