EARLY INHABITANTS OF WESTERN ASIA—LUSCHAN. 557 
The very few Bosnians, mostly officers, that settled in Asiatic Turkey 
before the Austrian occupation of Bosnia may be omitted here. 
F. FRANKS AND LEVANTINES. 
Frenghi (Franconians or Franks) is the common name for the 
European Christians (and also for syphilis) all over the nearer Orient, 
and the descendants of European, generally French and Italian, 
and therefore Roman Catholic, families are called Levantines. They 
take only a minimum share in the building up of the oriental popu- 
lations. In Marmaritza near Halikarnassos, where a British squadron 
had a winter station for many years, a very great proportion of the 
children are said to be flaxen-haired, and at Kynyk, the ancient 
Xanthos in Lycia, I met in 1881 a Mohammedan, quite fair, with light 
blue eyes, of rare intelligence, and with nearly a fanatical interest in 
geographical and archeological problems. He was born in 1841, a 
year after the second expedition of Sir Charles Fellows, at Xanthos. 
Near Sendjirlii I know an Armenian woman who is very fair; her own 
people pretend that she is the daughter of an American. But all 
these are rare exceptions, of no general importance, and I feel sure 
that the modern admixture of European blood is in no way responsible 
for the great number of light-colored people also in the interior of 
Asia Minor and Syria.. 
That in Oriental towns with very hot summers the death rate of 
light-colored children in Frankish and Levantine families is essen- 
tially larger than that of dark-colored has been often asserted, and 
would naturally be of universal anthropological interest if proved by 
serious statistics. Personally I do not know of one single light- 
colored Levantine family in places infected with heavy malaria. 
G. JEWS. 
As the oriental Jews practically never mix with the other orientals, 
and so do not contribute in any way to the physical qualities of their 
oriental neighbors, they would be of no interest for this paper if we 
could not trace them back to very early times. But their racial 
position can only be investigated in connection with the old and oldest 
anthropology of Syria and Palestine. So for the moment we must 
here confine ourselves to the statement that there are several very 
distinct groups of oriental Jews. 
By far the most numerous are now the Sephardim, speaking an 
early Spanish dialect, and descended chiefly from Jews expelled from 
Spain by the narrow-minded fanaticism of the fifteenth century. 
They have contributed not a little to the intellectual and economic 
development of the Ottoman Empire. 
Of far less importance are the Ashkenazim, speaking “ Yiddish,” 
and descended from Jews emigrated from eastern Europe. The 
