560 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1914. 
or disesteem. Mohammedans hardly ever curse; but one of their 
rare abusive phrases is tchungene = gypsy. 
Till now we have been treating of a few isolated groups that are 
very easily separated from the bulk of the tribes of western Asia. 
We now come to some nomadic tribes, who also form quite distinct 
groups: Turkomans, Yuruks, and Kurds. 
I. TURKOMANS. 
Real Turkomans, coming from west Turkestan, are rather rare 
in Asia Minor, and I never met any in Syria. They travel in quite 
small groups, one or two families only, and are to be distinguished 
even at a great distance, as they are the only tribe in Asia Minor 
which has the real camel with two humps, all the others having the 
dromedary. I once met a family of such Turkomans, near Old 
Limyra in eastern Lycia, tlrat had come ‘‘from near Samarkand.” 
They had been away from home four years and wanted to go as far 
as Constantinople; in five or six years more they thought—inshallah— 
to reach their home. 
Some of these Turkomans have very oblique eyes; all have small 
roundish heads and are of low stature, seldom exceeding 160 centi- 
meters. They do not mix with the native inhabitants. 
J. YURUKS. 
Another nomadic tribe found in Asia Minor in far greater numbers 
than the Turkomans, is formed by the Yuruks. The word means 
‘‘wanderer,” and many misunderstandings are due to this ambiguity, 
as all sorts of ‘‘wanderers’”’ have been described as Yuruks, just as 
settlers in South Africa sometimes speak of ‘‘ Bushmen,” not meaning 
the real Pygmy-Bushmen, but dark and tall Kafirs living ‘‘in the 
bush.” 
I wrote upon the real Yuruks in the Z. f. E. 1886, vol. 18, Verh. p. 
167 ss., and may here refer to this paper and to the plates in Reisen 
in Lykien, ete., quoted here (p. 559, note 1). 
They are remarkable for the artificial deformation of their heads 
and their generally long skulls. Their real home is not known. 
They speak Turkish, and up to the present no trace has been found 
of their original language. I once suggested that they might be in 
some distant way related with the Gypsies, with whom at least some 
of them have a decided and striking somatic resemblance; it then 
seemed to me possible that their high moral standard, their serious 
and decent ways, and their assiduity in work—their wives are famous 
carpet makers—might be due to Islam. But this was a mere sugges- 
tion, and it might well be that their resemblance to the Gypsies is only 
quite accidental. I hope that others may be more successful and 
