EARLY INHABITANTS OF WESTERN ASIA—LUSCHAN. 569 
So the anthropology of Turkey is, like that of Hungary, a typical 
example showing how language, religion, nationality, and race are 
quite distinct conceptions, and it is interesting to see how they are 
again and again confounded by the general public and by the press. 
In my paper on the Tahtadji‘ I gave the indices of 187 ‘‘Turks”’ 
(Turkish-speaking Mohammedans) from Lycia, and was able to show 
that in the mountain villages, and in some swampy marshes not 
easy of access, people were generally short headed, and in the towns 
and on the coast long headed. Since then I have measured 569 
more ‘‘Turks” from southern Asia Minor and northern Syria, so 
that I can now publish the cephalic indices of 756 adult men; they 
run from 69 to 96; if we count the indices 77 to 81 as mesaticephalic, 
172 of these 756 men would be dolichocephalic, 151 mesaticephalic, 
and 433 brachycephalic, with a very pronounced maximum of 77 
and 83 men respectively at indices 85 and 86. 
These numbers speak for themselves, but it is perhaps useful to 
study first the corresponding figures for the two large remaining 
groups, the Greeks and the Armenians, and then to compare the 
results. Two very different types of ‘‘Turks” are figured here. 
(Pls5:) 
U. GREEKS. 
What has been said of the ‘‘Turks” is valid too in absolutely the 
same way for the ‘‘Greeks” of Anatoha and Syria. Some of them 
are certainly the direct descendants of old Ionians, Dorians, or 
AKolians, but the greater part are descended from other groups 
which spoke Greek and had accepted the orthodox religion. 
I must here pass over the interesting problem of the Dorian and 
Jonian wanderings? and must restrict myself to some measurements 
taken on a series of 179 adult men calling themselves Greek and 
belonging to the orthodox church. I published this series in 1890, 
in my paper on the Tahtadji, and reprint here a graphic table showing 
the frequency of the cephalic indices. It is very striking to see how 
the curve shows a maximum of 22 men with an index of 75, and a 
second maximum of 18 men with an index of 88. 
Seventy-nine out of the 179 men are dolicho-, 84 are brachy-, and 
only 16 are mesaticephalic. If we reckon the arithmetic mean for 
the whole series, we get an average index of about 80, closely con- 
forming to Weisbach’s 95 skulls of Asiatic and European Greeks 
with an average index of 81.2, and with the series of Klon Stephanos,? 
who found 80.8 for the Greeks in Europe and 80.7 for the Asiatic 
Greeks. 
1 Op cit., p. 563, note 2. 
2 My own private idea is that, contrary to the theory of Curtius, the Ionians came from Europe and the 
Dorians from Asia, but I shall treat of this subject in another paper. 
3 Article on Greece in Dict. encyclop. des sciences med., Paris, 1884, 
