DEVELOPMENTS IN ILLUMINATION—MILLAR, 623 
thetics as comprehended in the principles of design, ornamentation, 
and decoration may, in a sense, be grouped under the science of illu- 
mination, and to the extent that it is so considered it is essentially 
important. Obviously, however, esthetics is so much a matter of 
artistic feeling that the entire subject can not be classed under this 
heading. | 
A growing appreciation of the artistic possibilities of lightmg and 
the growing demand for artistic execution in lighting design are grad- 
ually introducing more pleasing features, glassware, and lamps. It is 
one of the gratifying and encouraging features of the situation that 
there is nothing inconsistent in the requirements of good illumination 
whether they be requirements of efficiency, ocular hygiene, or 
esthetics. It appears that in promoting the one, natural impetus is 
given to one or both of the others. 
The more efficient light sources 
are likely to be more brilliant and 
to carry with them the need for 
concealment from view. In meet- 
ing this need, design along the lines 
of least resistance results in diffused 
light from larger areas, forming 
secondary sources which do not disturb ocular comfort. In the 
design of such systems of lighting, opportunities for the creation of 
pleasing and artistic effects thrust themselves upon the designer in a 
manner which was never encountered when less efficient illuminants 
of lower briliancy were placed in rooms without adequate con- 
cealment. 
The art of illumination ? is the lighting of interiors and of exteriors. 
The specialist applies daylight and artificial illuminants employing 
lighting auxiliaries and fixtures conforming to correct engineering, 
ocular, and esthetic principles in the lighting of interiors and exte- 
riors. The art of illumination may be improved only as better mate- 
rials of illumination are made available and as the science of illumi- 
nation is advanced. In the lighting of interiors, more or less in ac- 
cordance with established illuminating principles, much experience 
ART OF ILLUMINATION 
LIGHTING 
OF 
EXTERIORS 
LIGHTING 
OF 
INTERIORS 
Fia. 7. 
1 Esthetics, architectural principles, etc.: “‘ Electric light as related to architecture;” Walker; Trans. Illg. 
Eng. Soc., 1907, p. 596. ‘The relation of architectural principles to illuminating engineering;” Jones; Trans. 
Tig. Eng. Soc., 1908, p. 9. ‘‘Modern methods of illumination from the architectural standpoint;’’ Castor; 
Trans. Illg. Eng. Soc., 1908, p. 271. ‘The relation of illuminating engineering to architecture from the 
illuminating engineering standpoint;”’ Elliot; Trans. Illg. Eng. Soc., 1908, p. 280. ‘Architecture and illu- 
mination;”’ Perrot; Trans. Illg. Eng. Soc., 1908, p. 619. ‘‘Illumination and architecture;”’ Furber; Trans, 
Tig. Eng. Soc., 1910, p. 822. ‘‘The architect and illuminating engineering;” Trimble; Trans. Illg. Eng. 
Soc., 1912, p. 51. 
2 Art of illumination.—Decorative aspects: “Light and color in decoration;’’ Hunter; Trans. Tllg. Eng. 
Soc., 1908, p. 190. ‘The relationship of decoration to the illuminating engineering practice;”’ Cliford; 
Trans. Illg. Eng. Soc., 1910, p. 179. Church lighting: “Church lighting;”’ Perrot; Trans. Ig. Eng. Soc., 
1908, p. 369. “Indirect lighting in auditoriums;” Wheeler; Trans. Ig. Eng. Soc., 1912, p. 163. ‘Church 
lighting;’’ Ely; Trans. Ig. Eng. Soc., 1912, p. 613. Lighting of auditoriums and theaters: ‘‘The illumina- 
